{"id":702,"date":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","date_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/theweaknessofthe-abbassids-and-the-roman-conquests\/"},"modified":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","modified_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","slug":"theweaknessofthe-abbassids-and-the-roman-conquests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/pt\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/theweaknessofthe-abbassids-and-the-roman-conquests\/","title":{"rendered":"A fraqueza do estado ab\u00e1ssida e as conquistas romanas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A era de ouro do rum<br \/>843-1025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fraqueza do estado ab\u00e1ssida<\/strong>A influ\u00eancia dos turcos em Bagd\u00e1 aumentou e as vozes das escravas e das m\u00e3es dos pr\u00edncipes tornaram-se mais altas. Os alauitas revoltaram-se, exigindo o trono, e os \u00e1rabes fugiram dos ab\u00e1ssidas. Taher Ibn Al-Hussein e seus sucessores disporam das almas para seu pr\u00f3prio benef\u00edcio em Khorasan. Hassan bin Zayed ocupou Daylam no Tabarist\u00e3o e Gorgan. Os Saffarids foram derrotados no Sijist\u00e3o e em outros lugares e queriam atacar Bagd\u00e1 (874). Afaq conseguiu se tornar o senhor de Basra e estender sua autoridade at\u00e9 os port\u00f5es de Bagd\u00e1. Ahmad ibn Tulun al-Turki saqueou o Egito e o Levante e come\u00e7ou a cobrar impostos para si mesmo (877). Bagd\u00e1 contentou-se em incitar alguns dos pr\u00edncipes do Levante contra ele. Ent\u00e3o Damasco reconheceu a autoridade de Khumarwiyya ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun, ent\u00e3o ele eliminou as partes hostis (889) e fez de Damasco uma base para seu reino.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Conquistas de Bas\u00edlio I:<\/span><\/strong> Bas\u00edlio I aproveitou esta circunst\u00e2ncia em seu benef\u00edcio e dos romanos, por isso lutou ao longo da frente isl\u00e2mica desde a costa da Cil\u00edcia at\u00e9 \u00e0 Arm\u00e9nia e Trabzon. Ele conseguiu repelir os mu\u00e7ulmanos em guerras sucessivas entre o ano de 871 e o ano de 882. Ele ocupou as principais passagens do Taurus, lutou contra os paulistas e invadiu sua capital, Tafriqiya, no ano de 882. Cris\u00f3quero massacrou seu dono e exibiu sua cabe\u00e7a na parada da vit\u00f3ria em Constantinopla. No ano seguinte, ocupou Zapatra e Smisat. No ano de 877, ele conquistou Lulu e tudo o que ocorreu entre Cesar\u00e9ia e Marash, e se tornou o senhor das Montanhas Taurus com suas cordilheiras e passagens. Ele ficou satisfeito porque, no ano de 885, o califa aprovado reconheceu o estado independente da Arm\u00eania sob a lideran\u00e7a de Ashot. Ele, por sua vez, reconheceu rapidamente o novo rei, sublinhando que a Arm\u00e9nia continuaria a ser o aliado mais querido do imp\u00e9rio.<\/p>\n<p>Bas\u00edlio percebeu a gravidade da situa\u00e7\u00e3o no Mediterr\u00e2neo. Os mu\u00e7ulmanos estabeleceram-se na Sic\u00edlia e no sul da It\u00e1lia. Tornou-se claro que os pr\u00edncipes lombardos eram incapazes de resistir aos mu\u00e7ulmanos e que o imperador ocidental Lu\u00eds II havia enfraquecido. Duas delega\u00e7\u00f5es vieram a Constantinopla, uma representando Lu\u00eds II e a outra representando o Papa, para exortar os fil\u00f3sofos a preservarem o Cristianismo. Bas\u00edlio levantou-se no ano de 868 e implementou uma poderosa frota liderada por Nicotas. Este l\u00edder estava destinado ao sucesso e restaurou a ordem e a seguran\u00e7a no Mar Adri\u00e1tico. As cidades da Dalm\u00e1cia voltaram \u00e0 posse dos Vselevs, e os miniestados s\u00e9rvios e croatas reconheceram a soberania de Constantinopla. A vit\u00f3ria s\u00edria atingiu os navios de guerra mu\u00e7ulmanos com golpes dolorosos nas \u00e1guas do oeste da It\u00e1lia e alcan\u00e7ou uma grande vit\u00f3ria perto das ilhas Lipari, Salerno, N\u00e1poles e outras que entraram na prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos romanos, e o Papa Jo\u00e3o VIII fez uma alian\u00e7a com os romanos. Romanos. Chegou o ano de 885 e o comandante, Nic\u00e9foro Focas, obteve muitas vit\u00f3rias terrestres que lhe permitiram recuperar as prov\u00edncias do sul da It\u00e1lia das m\u00e3os dos mu\u00e7ulmanos. No ano de 886, ele estabeleceu o tema Langobordiano e o tema da Cal\u00e1bria, e o tema da Cal\u00e1bria. A Igreja Ortodoxa fortaleceu as suas dioceses nesta mesma regi\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Le\u00e3o VI:<\/span><\/strong> (886-912) Le\u00e3o VI \u201co S\u00e1bio\u201d n\u00e3o era um homem de guerra como o seu pai, por isso permaneceu no pal\u00e1cio e concentrou-se em quest\u00f5es de paz, conhecimento e religi\u00e3o. Voltaremos ao seu impacto nos sistemas eclesi\u00e1sticos mais tarde. Iqritesh tornou-se um ref\u00fagio e ref\u00fagio para piratas mu\u00e7ulmanos. No ano de 904, Le\u00e3o de Tr\u00edpoli lan\u00e7ou um ousado ataque a Constantinopla. Ent\u00e3o ele se voltou por vontade pr\u00f3pria para Tessal\u00f4nica. Estava destinado a ficar vazio da guarni\u00e7\u00e3o, ent\u00e3o ele entrou \u00e0 for\u00e7a, matou e saqueou, depois levou cativos vinte e dois mil jovens, homens e mulheres, vendendo-os nos mercados de escravos no fosso em Qaritesh e em Tr\u00edpoli. Him\u00e1rio levantou-se no ano de 906 e derrotou os mu\u00e7ulmanos com uma grande vit\u00f3ria. Ele ficou encorajado e fortalecido e, no ano de 910, liderou uma campanha naval contra a pr\u00f3pria Creta, mas falhou muito. No ano 901, os mu\u00e7ulmanos assumiram o controle do Estreito de Messina. No ano seguinte, eles tomaram a Sic\u00edlia, e o Emir de Kairouan anunciou que iria \u201cdestruir a pr\u00f3pria cidade do Xeque Boutros\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Constantino VII e Romano I:<\/span><\/strong> (912-959) Le\u00e3o VI morreu no ano de 912. Ele fez do estado tr\u00eas imperadores: ele mesmo, seu irm\u00e3o Alexandros e Constantino VII, o Roxo. Constantino ainda tinha seis anos, ent\u00e3o seu tio Alexandros assumiu as r\u00e9deas da tutela. Ent\u00e3o ele morreu no ano de 913 ap\u00f3s estabelecer um conselho regencial chefiado pelo patriarca. No ano de 919, o comandante Romano Lecapeno ocupou a corte, tomou posse do jovem Fil\u00f3sofo, casou-o com sua filha e declarou-se pai do rei, depois C\u00e9sar, depois Fil\u00f3sofo.<\/p>\n<p>Os califas ab\u00e1ssidas ainda foram derrotados devido \u00e0 falta de obedi\u00eancia dos soldados, \u00e0 forte influ\u00eancia dos servos, \u00e0s maquina\u00e7\u00f5es, delatores e conspira\u00e7\u00f5es das m\u00e3es dos pr\u00edncipes, aos tumultos dos soldados contra os comandantes, e ao conflito entre estes. senhores. Foi quando os governadores sentiram a fraqueza dos califas que se dedicaram a arrecadar dinheiro, por isso os califas assassinaram deliberadamente os governadores, fazendo com que a desobedi\u00eancia aumentasse e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es se tornassem inst\u00e1veis.<\/p>\n<p>Antes do fim da guerra b\u00falgara, os romanos destru\u00edram a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de Le\u00e3o de Tr\u00edpoli nas \u00e1guas de Lemnos (924), e o pr\u00f3prio Le\u00e3o sobreviveu milagrosamente! Assim que a guerra b\u00falgara terminou no ano de 927, os romanos tomaram a iniciativa de atacar, e seu l\u00edder, Gargun, saltou para a luta na \u00c1sia Menor. Ele conseguiu vit\u00f3rias sucessivas e conseguiu fazer do Tigre e do Eufrates a fronteira entre eles. os romanos e os \u00e1rabes em vez dos Hales. Gargun foi auxiliado nesta guerra por v\u00e1rios oficiais superiores que mais tarde estavam destinados a serem vitoriosos, assim como o pr\u00f3prio Gargun foi vitorioso. Os mais famosos deles s\u00e3o Te\u00f3filo, filho de Gurgon, Bardas Focas, e seus dois filhos, Nic\u00e9foro e Le\u00e3o. No ano de 928, os romanos ocuparam Ardrun e expulsaram os mu\u00e7ulmanos da Arm\u00e9nia. No ano de 934, eles capturaram Malatya, ent\u00e3o Sayf al-Dawla, o governante de Mosul, ficou do lado deles e foi capaz de impedir seu avan\u00e7o. Mas voltaram ao ataque entre os anos 941 e 942, ocupando Dar, Nusaybin, Mayyafariqin e aproximando-se de Aleppo. No ano de 944, Gargun coroou suas vit\u00f3rias transportando em uma luxuosa prociss\u00e3o o \u201cLen\u00e7o de Sayyid\u201d, que Abgar, Rei de Edessa, havia guardado desta cidade para Constantinopla.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a843-1025 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"701,709,643,552,1025,700,1861,696,708,2549,968,906","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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