{"id":1146,"date":"2009-06-20T10:54:42","date_gmt":"2009-06-20T10:54:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/faith-and-theology\/the-human\/the-holiness-and-the-saints\/the-martyrdom-and-the-martyrs-in-the-orthodox-church\/"},"modified":"2009-06-20T10:54:42","modified_gmt":"2009-06-20T10:54:42","slug":"the-martyrdom-and-the-martyrs-in-the-orthodox-church","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/faith-and-theology\/the-human\/the-holiness-and-the-saints\/the-martyrdom-and-the-martyrs-in-the-orthodox-church\/","title":{"rendered":"Martiri \u0219i martiri \u00een biseric\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Certificat:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>M\u0103rturie, a depune m\u0103rturie \u00eenseamn\u0103 at\u00e2t martorul \u00een fa\u021ba instan\u021bei, c\u00e2t \u0219i cel care \u0219i-a dat s\u00e2ngele pentru Hristos. Martorul \u0219i martirul sunt una \u00een arab\u0103. Aceasta pentru c\u0103 scopul cuv\u00e2ntului sau al ve\u0219tii bune \u0219i al mor\u021bii este acela\u0219i. Este un caz de dragoste pentru Isus care te determin\u0103 s\u0103 vorbe\u0219ti despre el sau s\u0103 mori pentru el. Ceea ce ai auzit \u0219i v\u0103zut \u00een sufletul t\u0103u, faci \u00eenaintea cur\u021bii lumii. Prima m\u0103rturie este vestea bun\u0103, care este puterea lui Dumnezeu. Este posibil prin puterea Duhului Sf\u00e2nt din tine. Nu sunt cuvinte predate de \u00een\u021belepciunea omeneasc\u0103, ci mai degrab\u0103 cuvinte predate de Duhul Sf\u00e2nt. F\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 c\u0103 spiritul purtat de evanghelist este transmis celui care ascult\u0103 prin cuv\u00e2nt. Cuv\u00e2ntul lui Dumnezeu este pe care omul are nevoie de spiritul divin pentru a-l \u00een\u021belege \u0219i de acest spirit pentru a-l transmite. Cuv\u00e2ntul divin din noi poate fi rece p\u00e2n\u0103 la nesemnifica\u021bie sau fierbinte \u0219i focul aprinde inimile. Cel care creeaz\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00een al\u021bii este m\u0103rturia lui Dumnezeu. Prin acest om \u0219tim c\u0103 Dumnezeu nu este un Creator \u00eendep\u0103rtat care locuie\u0219te pe cer, dar El este aproape de noi \u00een fiecare zi \u0219i ne aduce mai aproape de El.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen biseric\u0103, o pozi\u021bie mare este de\u021binut\u0103 pentru cel care vorbe\u0219te despre Dumnezeu \u0219i nu vorbe\u0219te cu adev\u0103rat despre El dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 este fierbinte \u00een duh. \u201e<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Teologul este cel care se roag\u0103 \u0219i oricine se roag\u0103 este teolog<\/span>(Euforie din Pontiu).<\/p>\n<p>Este o m\u0103rturie c\u0103 o persoan\u0103 se dedic\u0103 studierii teologiei, indiferent dac\u0103 aceasta este \u00eentr-un institut, citind c\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i bro\u0219uri religioase sau ascult\u00e2nd un mare predicator. Acestea sunt materiale pe care Duhul Sf\u00e2nt le re\u00eenvie \u00een noi \u0219i le transmite oamenilor.<\/p>\n<p>La fel, cei care merg la biseric\u0103 pentru a se aduna acolo \u00een dragoste depun o mare m\u0103rturie \u00een aceast\u0103 societate ortodox\u0103 c\u0103ldu\u021b\u0103 care nu-L iube\u0219te prea mult pe Domnul. \u00cen absen\u021ba ta de la adunarea credincio\u0219ilor, martiriul nu duce dec\u00e2t la lene, deoarece cei care particip\u0103 \u00een mod regulat se \u00eentristeaz\u0103 din cauza absen\u021bei tale \u0219i \u00eei ispite\u0219ti s\u0103 lipseasc\u0103. To\u021bi oamenii din aceast\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 spun c\u0103 ortodoc\u0219ii nu sunt zelo\u0219i \u00een ascultarea Cuv\u00e2ntului, sau cel pu\u021bin nu sunt martori permanen\u021bi. Ei vin c\u00e2nd vor \u0219i nu vin c\u00e2nd vor. \u0218i Doamne Isuse, e\u0219ti \u00eenaintea fe\u021bei Lui, adic\u0103 \u00eenaintea Evangheliei Sale, care se roste\u0219te \u00een adunare, \u0219i \u00eenaintea Sf\u00e2ntului S\u0103u Pahar, duminica, e\u0219ti invitat s\u0103-l bei.<\/p>\n<p>Faptele bune nu ne scuz\u0103 de la \u00eendeplinirea rug\u0103ciunilor noastre \u00een adunare. Rug\u0103ciunea \u00een congrega\u021bie este o surs\u0103 a virtu\u021bii noastre \u0219i face ca faptele bune s\u0103 urmeze calea lor cea bun\u0103 Rug\u0103ciunea ne \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 smerenia, ceea ce ne face s\u0103 ne atribuim faptele bune nou\u0103 \u00een\u0219ine, ci lui Dumnezeu.<\/p>\n<p>M\u0103rturia de via\u021b\u0103 este via\u021ba \u00een care practicarea sacramentelor, \u00eenchinarea, virtu\u021bile \u0219i faptele noastre exterioare sunt integrate. A\u0219a cum credin\u021ba f\u0103r\u0103 ac\u021biune este \u00een zadar, tot a\u0219a ceea ce pare a fi un comportament bun f\u0103r\u0103 rug\u0103ciune pentru a o sus\u021bine nu este din credin\u021b\u0103, nu este al persoanei spirituale. Ateii sunt capabili de fapte mari de care mintea lor este convins\u0103, dar nu fac parte din credin\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cuv\u00e2ntul, neprih\u0103nirea \u0219i rug\u0103ciunea constant\u0103, dac\u0103 sunt combinate \u00eentr-o persoan\u0103, vor fi un martor care poart\u0103 toate instrumentele m\u0103rturiei. \u201eCel ce lucreaz\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 va fi numit mare \u00een \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia cerurilor.\u201d Dar este posibil ca aceste trei instrumente s\u0103 nu se combine. Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 dou\u0103 elemente indivizibile ale martiriului, care sunt neprih\u0103nirea \u0219i rug\u0103ciunea ne\u00eencetat\u0103. De aceea spune iubitul Apostol: \u201eCeea ce a fost de la \u00eenceput, ceea ce am auzit \u0219i am v\u0103zut cu ochii no\u0219tri, ceea ce am contemplat \u0219i m\u00e2inile noastre s-au atins din cuv\u00e2ntul vie\u021bii, \u0219i via\u021ba s-a ar\u0103tat \u0219i am v\u0103zut. ea, iar acum d\u0103m m\u0103rturie despre ea \u0219i v\u0103 vestim via\u021ba ve\u0219nic\u0103\u201d (1 Ioan 1:1 \u0219i 2).<\/p>\n<p>Ioan vorbe\u0219te despre auz, v\u0103z \u0219i atingere pentru a spune c\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul vie\u021bii face ca \u00eentreaga entitate s\u0103 tremure \u00een noi, deci nu este o entitate uman\u0103 bazat\u0103 doar pe emo\u021bii, \u0219tiin\u021be \u0219i emo\u021biile c\u0103rnii, s\u00e2ngelui \u0219i nervilor. Aceasta este o entitate care se mi\u0219c\u0103 privindu-l pe Hristos \u0219i \u00eei mi\u0219c\u0103 pe al\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>De aceea, Hristos nu se arat\u0103 celor care nu cred \u00een El numai prin argumente \u0219i dovezi ra\u021bionale, chiar dac\u0103 avem nevoie de mijloacele logice pentru a ap\u0103ra cre\u0219tinismul, ci cu ceea ce Pavel nume\u0219te \u201edovada Duhului \u0219i a puterii\u201d, adic\u0103 dezv\u0103luirea puterii. a Duhului Sf\u00e2nt \u00een noi, iar dac\u0103 intr\u0103 \u00een noi, ne d\u0103 mijloacele pentru a o demonstra.<\/p>\n<p>Puterea Duhului Sf\u00e2nt \u00een noi este o condi\u021bie pentru m\u0103rturia s\u00e2ngelui. Mul\u021bi oameni \u00cel tr\u0103deaz\u0103 pe Hristos cu cuvinte dac\u0103 presiunea devine prea mare asupra lor. Ei spun ceea ce face pl\u0103cere na\u021biunilor pentru a c\u00e2\u0219tiga aceast\u0103 lume. C\u00e2t despre cei care sunt \u00eent\u0103ri\u021bi \u00een Isus prin rug\u0103ciune \u0219i dreptate, ei gust\u0103 dulcea\u021ba lui Isus \u0219i doresc s\u0103 o ob\u021bin\u0103 de la moarte. Un martir este cineva care dore\u0219te, dac\u0103 moare, s\u0103 nu piard\u0103 splendoarea lui Hristos. Acesta este motivul pentru care moartea este u\u0219oar\u0103 pentru el.<br \/>Acele sute de mii care au fost sc\u0103ldate \u00een s\u00e2ngele lor \u0219i purifica\u021bi p\u00e2n\u0103 la albul complet nu \u0219i-au dat seama de binecuv\u00e2ntarea martiriului dec\u00e2t pentru c\u0103 l-au iubit pe Maestrul de aici cu mare dragoste. C\u00e2t despre cei c\u0103ldu\u021bi, ei sunt probabil tr\u0103da\u021bi dac\u0103 Maestrul nu se n\u0103puste\u0219te asupra lor \u00een ultimul moment cu marea Sa tandre\u021be.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u0103rturie cu apa botezului, cuv\u00e2ntul, neprih\u0103nirea, cererea \u0219i s\u00e2ngele pentru cei care au iubit perfec\u021biunea divin\u0103 \u0219i L-au urmat oriunde a mers.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Martiri \u00een Biseric\u0103:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere lingvistic, cuv\u00e2ntul \u201emartir\u201d \u00eenseamn\u0103 un martor \u00een sensul definit de justi\u021bie. \u00cen cre\u0219tinism, a ajuns s\u0103 se aplice martorului care \u00ee\u0219i d\u0103 s\u00e2ngele \u0219i via\u021ba pentru a-\u0219i confirma credin\u021ba \u0219i a adera la ea. \u00cen aceasta, cea mai elocvent\u0103 m\u0103rturie pe care o poate da o persoan\u0103 este c\u0103 este abandonarea de sine p\u00e2n\u0103 la moarte de dragul lui Isus Hristos. De aici importan\u021ba \u0219i aten\u021bia extrem\u0103 acordat\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntului \u201emartiri\u201d \u00een istoria cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Istoria Bisericii este plin\u0103 de pove\u0219ti despre martiri care nu s-au temut de moarte, ci au preferat-o dec\u00e2t s\u0103-\u0219i lepede credin\u021ba sau s\u0103-\u0219i asocieze pe al\u021bii cu Dumnezeu. Se \u0219tie c\u0103 \u0218tefan Diaconul a fost primul dintre ei, iar Cartea Faptele Apostolilor relateaz\u0103 ultimul s\u0103u discurs \u0219i incidentul martiriului s\u0103u (Capitolul 7). \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te motivele martiriului cre\u0219tinilor, ele difer\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de circumstan\u021be, epoci, regiuni \u0219i \u021b\u0103ri. Unii dintre ei au fost uci\u0219i de evrei, unii dintre ei au devenit victime ale \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bilor romani p\u0103g\u00e2ni, unii dintre ei au fost martiriza\u021bi \u00een timpul st\u0103p\u00e2nirii islamice. , iar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 unii dintre ei au fost brutaliza\u021bi de cre\u0219tini care difer\u0103 de ei prin credin\u021be \u0219i concepte. Trebuie subliniat aici c\u0103 criteriul de baz\u0103 pe care se bazeaz\u0103 Biserica pentru a decide c\u0103 cineva este un martir este moartea de dragul credin\u021bei \u0219i nu pentru orice alt\u0103 cauz\u0103. Vom prezenta \u00een cele ce urmeaz\u0103 c\u00e2teva dintre m\u0103rturiile frecvente despre martirii din primele secole ale cre\u0219tinismului prin documentele care ne-au ajuns din zilele lor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Noul Testament, cuv\u00e2ntul martor este folosit pentru a se referi la un martor \u00een sens legal (Matei 18:16), sau \u00een sens general (Romani 1:9). De multe ori \u00cel vedem pe Isus adres\u00e2ndu-se ucenicilor S\u0103i, numindu-i \u201emartori\u201d, deoarece ei au fost martori ai chem\u0103rii \u0219i \u00eenvierii Lui \u0219i vor anun\u021ba tuturor popoarelor c\u0103 \u201eVoi sunte\u021bi martori ai aceasta\u201d (Luca 24:48). \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul le-a spus anterior apostolilor s\u0103i despre dificult\u0103\u021bile \u0219i persecu\u021biile cu care se vor confrunta ca urmare a m\u0103rturiei lor: \u201eAtunci, lua\u021bi seama la voi \u00een\u0219iv\u0103, c\u0103 v\u0103 dau pe m\u00e2na consiliilor \u0219i ve\u021bi fi biciui\u021bi \u00een sinagogi \u0219i ve\u021bi sta \u00een picioare. \u00eenaintea guvernan\u021bilor \u0219i a regilor pentru mine, ca martor pentru ei\u201d (Marcu 13:9). Solia pe care l-au purtat apostolii este o m\u0103rturie despre Isus pentru ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i \u0219i pentru toate na\u021biunile, iar apostolul este un martor (Fapte 10:39, 41; 26:22). C\u00e2nd apostolul Pavel s-a adresat evreilor din Ierusalim, el \u0219i-a exprimat durerea pentru trecutul s\u0103u c\u00e2nd a spus: \u201eC\u00e2nd s-a v\u0103rsat s\u00e2ngele lui \u0218tefan, martirul t\u0103u, ai stat l\u00e2ng\u0103 el \u0219i te-ai mul\u021bumit s\u0103-l omori \u0219i ai p\u0103strat hainele acelora. care l-a omor\u00e2t\u201d (Fapte 22:20). Vedem aici pentru prima dat\u0103 cum expresia \u201emartir\u201d a \u00eenceput s\u0103 capete un sens mai larg dec\u00e2t sensul s\u0103u ini\u021bial \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se refere la moartea martorului. Dar acest sens nu sa r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een g\u00e2ndirea cre\u0219tin\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Sintagma \u201em\u0103rturie\u201d a fost la \u00eenceput identic\u0103 cu expresia \u201em\u0103rturisire\u201d. Apoi a c\u0103p\u0103tat un nou \u00een\u021beles legat de rezultatul m\u0103rturiei \u0219i m\u0103rturisirii, care este moartea, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd s-a spus \u201epurt\u0103tor de m\u0103rturie\u201d. A fost folosit\u0103 \u00een acest sens de Clement, Episcopul Romei (\u00eenceputul secolului al II-lea) \u00een scrisoarea sa c\u0103tre Corinteni, c\u00e2nd a vorbit despre martiriul lui Petru \u0219i Pavel. Apoi, cuv\u00e2ntul a prins r\u0103d\u0103cini \u00een noul s\u0103u sens \u00een secolul al II-lea, c\u00e2nd persecu\u021biile \u00eempotriva cre\u0219tinilor s-au intensificat. Num\u0103rul celor care \u0219i-au m\u0103rturisit credin\u021ba a crescut \u0219i au fost uci\u0219i din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103 \u201eTe binecuv\u00e2ntez, Doamne, pentru c\u0103 m-ai calificat s\u0103 fiu printre martirii t\u0103i.\u201d Aceste cuvinte au fost spuse de Sf\u00e2ntul Policarp \u00een timp ce era documentat .<\/p>\n<p>Mucenicii au ocupat un loc deosebit \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba primilor cre\u0219tini, deoarece moartea era o m\u0103rturie a credin\u021bei \u00een Isus, o motiva\u021bie pentru cre\u0219tini s\u0103-l onoreze pe martir \u0219i s\u0103-i ofere respect. Apocalipsa lui Ioan, scris\u0103 dup\u0103 persecu\u021bia lui Nero (54-68) \u0219i Domi\u021bian (68-79), vorbe\u0219te despre sufletele drep\u021bilor care au fost uci\u0219i, z\u0103c\u00e2nd sub altarul ceresc, aduc\u00e2nd rug\u0103ciuni celui care \u0219edea pe tron. \u0219i preg\u0103tirea pentru a participa la nunta Mielului (Apocalipsa 6:9-11). Martiri sunt subiectul discu\u021biei aici, iar reprezentarea lor ca fiind sub altarul ceresc este doar un indiciu c\u0103 sunt cu Dumnezeu \u00eentr-un mod special. Clement din Alexandria vorbe\u0219te despre martiri \u0219i spune c\u0103 martirul ofer\u0103 m\u0103rturie despre sine, prigonitorul s\u0103u \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul \u0219i confirm\u0103 adev\u0103rul predic\u0103rii cre\u0219tine. El merge mai departe \u00een cinstirea martirului, deoarece spune c\u0103 Dumnezeu \u00eel cunoa\u0219te pe martirul s\u0103u dinainte de na\u0219tere. Cuv\u00e2ntului martir au fost ad\u0103ugate multe titluri, subliniind respectul fa\u021b\u0103 de acesta. Printre aceste titluri se num\u0103r\u0103 \u201ecei binecuv\u00e2nta\u021bi\u201d, \u201ecei binecuv\u00e2nta\u021bi\u201d \u0219i \u201ecei puternici\u201d. Origen (secolul al III-lea) spune: \u201eNu exist\u0103 cinste mai mare pentru Biseric\u0103 dec\u00e2t s\u0103 prezinte un martir la cer. Nu exist\u0103 niciun titlu \u00eentre oameni egal cu titlul de martiri. \u00cenc\u0103 din cele mai vechi timpuri, cre\u0219tinii au stabilit o apropiere \u00eentre botezul \u00een ap\u0103 \u0219i botezul cu s\u00e2nge (moartea ca martor), pentru c\u0103 botezul cu s\u00e2nge d\u0103 celui care \u00eel prime\u0219te putere \u00een fa\u021ba oric\u0103rei sl\u0103biciuni.<\/p>\n<p>Punctul care a st\u00e2rnit mult\u0103 uimire \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri cu privire la subiectul martiriului este capacitatea martirilor de a suporta tortura \u0219i moartea f\u0103r\u0103 team\u0103. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 mul\u021bi \u0219i-au negat credin\u021ba pentru a sc\u0103pa de tortur\u0103, iar aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 a f\u0103cut obiectul unor mari discu\u021bii \u0219i controverse \u00een biseric\u0103 cu privire la posibilitatea accept\u0103rii lor din nou \u00een biseric\u0103. Cu toate acestea, cei care nu s-au eschivat, ci mai degrab\u0103 au preferat moartea neg\u0103rii, \u0219i-au exprimat o mare putere. \u00cen biografiile martirilor \u0219i relat\u0103rile mor\u021bii lor, se spune c\u0103 ace\u0219tia au \u00eendurat diferite tipuri de tortur\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 ca aceasta s\u0103 trezeasc\u0103 \u00een ei vreo reac\u021bie, de parc\u0103 nu ar fi sim\u021bit-o. De aici ideea c\u0103 Hristos locuie\u0219te \u00een ace\u0219ti oameni \u0219i c\u0103 li se adreseaz\u0103, iar El este cel care face posibil\u0103 posibilitatea suferin\u021bei. Tertulian a exprimat aceast\u0103 idee spun\u00e2nd: \u201eHristos este prezent \u00een martir\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Ace\u0219ti martiri timpurii au fost caracteriza\u021bi prin curaj, r\u0103bdare \u0219i capacitatea de a \u00eendura suferin\u021ba. La un moment dat, cre\u0219tinii au \u00eenfruntat \u00eensu\u0219i \u00cemp\u0103ratul \u00eendumnezeit \u0219i au afirmat c\u0103 Hristos este Domnul \u0219i M\u00e2ntuitorul lor. Prin urmare, au fost uci\u0219i pentru c\u0103 au refuzat s\u0103 se \u00eenchine \u00cemp\u0103ratului \u0219i s\u0103-i ofere sacrificii. Iat\u0103 unul dintre martiri care \u021bip\u0103, refuz\u00e2nd s\u0103 se supun\u0103 \u00cemp\u0103ratului \u0219i afirm\u00e2nd: \u201eVoi asculta doar de Hristos Marele Rege\u201d. Ei au fost m\u00e2ndri c\u0103 poart\u0103 numele lui Hristos mai \u00eent\u00e2i, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eei g\u0103sim repet\u00e2nd \u00een fa\u021ba p\u0103g\u00e2nilor: \u201eCre\u0219ten este prenumele meu, prin care voi fi prosl\u0103vit\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenvierea ocup\u0103 un loc proeminent \u00een r\u00e2ndul celor care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 sufere martiriul Speran\u021ba \u00eenvierii nu-i p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te \u0219i nu se cl\u0103te\u0219te \u00een mintea lor. Prin urmare, ei accept\u0103 martiriul cu hot\u0103r\u00e2re, mai ales c\u0103 au considerat c\u0103 \u00eenvierea lor este sigur\u0103. din aceast\u0103 via\u0163\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103. Maximilian (+295), unul dintre ei, spune: \u201eNu voi muri niciodat\u0103, iar dac\u0103 voi p\u0103r\u0103si aceast\u0103 lume, sufletul meu va tr\u0103i cu Hristos, Domnul meu\u201d. C\u00e2t despre Iulius (+302), el spune: \u201eAm ales s\u0103 mor la timp pentru a tr\u0103i \u00een ve\u0219nicie cu sfin\u021bii\u201d. Claudius (+303) \u00ee\u0219i asigur\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103ii: \u201eR\u0103splata voastr\u0103 (pentru chinuirea \u0219i uciderea noastr\u0103) dureaz\u0103 doar o perioad\u0103 scurt\u0103 de timp, dar recunoa\u0219terea noastr\u0103 a lui Hristos ca Domn este egal\u0103 cu m\u00e2ntuirea ve\u0219nic\u0103\u201d. Irineu (+304, care nu este Episcopul Lyonului) spune: \u201eM\u0103 uit la via\u021ba mea ve\u0219nic\u0103 \u0219i de aceea nu aduc jertfe idolilor.\u201d... To\u021bi au fost martiriza\u021bi din cauza credin\u021bei \u0219i speran\u021bei lor \u00een viitor, \u0219i puterea \u00eencrederii lor \u00een \u00eenvierea lui Hristos, prin care \u0219i ei vor \u00eenvia.<\/p>\n<p>Mucenicii particip\u0103 la jertfa lui Hristos cu trupurile lor, dup\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Ignatie al Antiohiei, care s-a oferit ca jertf\u0103 \u0219i a f\u0103cut apel la poporul Romei \u201es\u0103 m\u0103 lase \u00een pace ca s\u0103-mi aduc s\u00e2ngele ca jertf\u0103 pe altar. al Domnului...\u201d, \u00eel g\u0103sim pe b\u0103tr\u00e2nul Policarp (circa 158), Episcopul Smirnei, rug\u00e2ndu-l pe Dumnezeu s\u0103-l primeasc\u0103 ca jertf\u0103 pl\u0103cut\u0103 Lui. Acest Eublos (+304) \u00eei r\u0103spunde c\u0103l\u0103ului s\u0103u, care \u00eei cere s\u0103 aduc\u0103 jertfe idolilor pentru a fi scutit \u0219i a r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een via\u021b\u0103: \u201eDa, voi aduce jertf\u0103, dar m\u0103 voi oferi \u00eenaintea lui Hristos Dumnezeu. \u201eNu am nimic altceva de oferit.\u201d \u00cen Actele martiriului lui Filip, episcopul lui Heracles, \u0219i a diaconului s\u0103u Hermes (+304), se men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 ei au fost \u201eprezenta\u021bi ca o jertf\u0103 sf\u00e2nt\u0103 lui Dumnezeu Atotputernic\u201d. Martiriul, deci, este un tip de liturghie (adic\u0103 \u00eenchinarea \u0219i ritualurile biserice\u0219ti) prin excelen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen biseric\u0103 a ap\u0103rut din cele mai vechi timpuri cinstirea martirilor. O referire str\u0103veche la aceasta o g\u0103sim \u00een martiriul Sf\u00e2ntului Policarp, Episcopul Smirnei (secolul al II-lea), iar amintirea sa a fost subiectul unei s\u0103rb\u0103tori fericite. Comemorarea anual\u0103 a martirului a avut loc \u00een ziua mor\u021bii sale. Este ziua \u00een care s-a n\u0103scut \u00een rai.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;Onoarea martirilor a \u00eenceput odat\u0103 cu \u00eenceputul erei persecu\u021biei \u00cen romanul Martiriul lui Policarp, scriitorul men\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103torirea de c\u0103tre cre\u0219tini a primei anivers\u0103ri a martiriului s\u0103u. Este de remarcat faptul c\u0103 ei au s\u0103rb\u0103torit aniversarea na\u0219terii sale \u00een via\u021ba ve\u0219nic\u0103, nu aniversarea na\u0219terii sale de la mama sa, a\u0219a cum f\u0103ceau p\u0103g\u00e2nii. Desigur, acest lucru nu anuleaz\u0103 \u00een niciun fel a doua na\u0219tere a cre\u0219tinului \u00een sacramentul botezului. Martorul poveste\u0219te c\u0103 uciga\u0219ii lui Policarp au refuzat s\u0103 predea trupul s\u0103u cre\u0219tinilor pentru \u00eengropare \u0219i l-au ars, dar iubi\u021bii lui au putut s\u0103-i adun\u0103 oasele, care pentru ei erau \u201emai pre\u021bioase dec\u00e2t aurul \u0219i argintul\u201d. \u00cen povestea martiriului lui Filip, episcopul lui Heracles, scriitorul poveste\u0219te cum credincio\u0219ii i-au str\u00e2ns oasele din r\u00e2u, iar prin ele au avut loc minuni. Onoarea r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021belor martirilor a deschis calea c\u0103tre o tradi\u021bie care este \u00eenc\u0103 vie \u0219i ast\u0103zi, care este necesitatea de a ridica biserici peste mormintele lor sau de a le a\u0219eza r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele \u00een ele. Sinodul de la Cartagina (397) a ordonat chiar distrugerea bisericilor care au fost nu ridicat peste mormintele adev\u0103ra\u0163ilor martiri. Legea a \u0219aptea a Sinodului al \u0219aptelea ecumenic (787) spune: \u201eMoa\u0219tele sfin\u021bilor mucenici s\u0103 fie a\u0219ezate \u00een bisericile care au fost \u00eenchinate f\u0103r\u0103 ele. a bisericii.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Celebrarea memoriei martirului se baza pe vizitarea morm\u00e2ntului s\u0103u pentru a-i cere binecuv\u00e2nt\u0103ri \u0219i, cel mai probabil, ei \u021bineau Sf\u00e2nta Liturghie la morm\u00e2nt. Numele sf\u00e2ntului a fost pomenit \u00een comemorari, s-au c\u00e2ntat imnuri c\u0103tre el \u0219i s-a citit istoria martiriului s\u0103u. \u00cen secolul al IV-lea, slujbele legate de cinstirea martirilor s-au dezvoltat \u0219i au c\u0103p\u0103tat un caracter ceremonial. Trupul martirului \u0219i r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele sale aveau un loc minunat \u00een cult. Peste mormintele lor s-au construit biserici, iar obiceiul a ap\u0103rut s\u0103 a\u0219eze r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele martirilor \u00een biserici nou construite, iar acest obicei continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre. Dac\u0103 indic\u0103 ceva, este c\u0103 biserica se bazeaz\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna pe a depune m\u0103rturie despre Isus. Rug\u0103ciunile au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie f\u0103cute martirilor pentru mijlocire, deoarece ei sunt cei mai apropia\u021bi de Dumnezeu. Ei locuiesc sub altarul ceresc \u0219i se roag\u0103 mereu lui Dumnezeu. Sf\u00e2ntul Ambrozie \u00eei \u00eendeamn\u0103 pe credincio\u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i \u00eendrepte rug\u0103ciunile c\u0103tre martiri pentru c\u0103, potrivit lui, \u201eei pot cere mil\u0103 pentru p\u0103catele noastre, c\u0103ci ei sunt cei care \u0219i-au sp\u0103lat p\u0103catele cu s\u00e2ngele lor\u201d. Ei sunt martirii lui Dumnezeu, conduc\u0103torii no\u0219tri, martori ai vie\u021bii \u0219i ac\u021biunilor noastre. Nu ne este ru\u0219ine s\u0103-i lu\u0103m drept mijlocitori pentru sl\u0103biciunea noastr\u0103. Ei cuno\u0219teau \u0219i sl\u0103biciunea corpului, chiar dac\u0103 \u00eel controlau.\u201d<br \/>\u00cen Predica de pe Munte, Iisus Hristos \u00eei beatific\u0103 pe cei persecuta\u021bi de dragul drept\u0103\u021bii \u0219i le promite \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia cereasc\u0103 (Matei 5:10). Prin urmare, persecu\u021bia p\u00e2n\u0103 la martiriu ar trebui s\u0103 fie o stare natural\u0103 pentru cre\u0219tini \u0219i chiar starea ideal\u0103 pentru urma lui Hristos. Martiri sunt cei mai dragi inimii lui.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Din buletinul meu parohial 1994+1995<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0634\u064e\u0647\u0650\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"2579,1175,1589,2221,2703,1155,636,603,489,2702,626,615","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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