{"id":1288,"date":"2009-12-13T09:46:25","date_gmt":"2009-12-13T09:46:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/faith-and-theology\/studies-and-articles-about-orthodox-faith-and-theology\/good-and-evil\/"},"modified":"2009-12-13T09:46:25","modified_gmt":"2009-12-13T09:46:25","slug":"good-and-evil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/faith-and-theology\/studies-and-articles-about-orthodox-faith-and-theology\/good-and-evil\/","title":{"rendered":"Bun si rau"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Exist\u0103 o gre\u0219eal\u0103 comun\u0103 printre oameni care \u00eel face pe Dumnezeu creatorul principiilor binelui \u0219i r\u0103ului. Este ca \u0219i cum Dumnezeu l-a creat pe om \u0219i i-a dat dou\u0103 op\u021biuni: fie s\u0103 aleag\u0103 binele \u0219i s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 r\u0103splat\u0103, fie s\u0103 aleag\u0103 r\u0103ul \u0219i s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 pedeapsa. Aceasta nu este altceva dec\u00e2t o simplificare a adev\u0103rului evident, care este c\u0103 Dumnezeu l-a creat pe om bun dup\u0103 chipul S\u0103u. Dar omul, din ingratitudine, alege s\u0103 se \u00eendep\u0103rteze de bine \u0219i face r\u0103ul, care nu este altceva dec\u00e2t lipsa bun\u0103t\u0103\u021bii. Numai bun\u0103tatea are esen\u021b\u0103 adev\u0103rat\u0103, iar absen\u021ba ei este r\u0103u, adic\u0103 r\u0103ul nu are esen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Majoritatea ta\u021bilor sunt de acord cu aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie. Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Damaschinul (+750) spune \u00een cartea sa valoroas\u0103, \u201eO sut\u0103 de eseuri despre credin\u021ba ortodox\u0103\u201d, dup\u0103 ce a afirmat c\u0103 Dumnezeu a creat totul foarte bine: \u201eR\u0103ul nu este altceva dec\u00e2t pierderea bun\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i o dep\u0103rtare de ceea ce este potrivit natur\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de ceea ce este \u00eempotriva naturii.\u201d Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 Dumnezeu l-a creat pe om cu o natur\u0103 bun\u0103 care face bine, iar dac\u0103 omul face r\u0103ul, aceasta este \u00eempotriva adev\u0103ratei naturi a omului. Nenorocitul, deci, este o fiin\u021b\u0103 uman\u0103 anormal\u0103, anormal\u0103, pentru c\u0103 se comport\u0103 contrar naturii sale. Sf\u00e2ntul Damaschin continu\u0103 prin a concluziona: \u201eR\u0103ul nu este o esen\u021b\u0103, este doar o \u00eent\u00e2mplare, adic\u0103 o convertire voluntar\u0103 de la ceea ce este potrivit naturii la ceea ce este \u00eempotriva naturii. Acesta este ceea ce numim p\u0103cat.\u201d Cel care comite un p\u0103cat sau un p\u0103cat major \u00ee\u0219i suprim\u0103 natura originar\u0103 pe care Dumnezeu a creat-o \u0219i a pus-o \u00een el, a\u0219a c\u0103 alege s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze contrar pentru ceea ce s-a n\u0103scut pentru a face. Prin urmare, ac\u021biunea lui este \u00eempotriva naturii \u0219i \u00eempotriva lui Dumnezeu care a creat-o.<\/p>\n<p>El-Dimashqi prezint\u0103 \u00eentr-un alt loc tema virtu\u021bii pe care Dumnezeu a implantat-o \u00een om, care a ales \u00een mod liber s\u0103 se abat\u0103 de la ea. El spune: \u201eVirtutea a fost s\u0103dit\u0103 \u00een firea noastr\u0103 de c\u0103tre Dumnezeu, care \u00eensu\u0219i este \u00eenceputul \u0219i cauza oric\u0103rei bun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 ajutorul \u0219i asisten\u021ba lui nu putem dori sau face binele. \u0218i c\u0103 ori putem s\u0103 continu\u0103m \u00een virtute \u0219i s\u0103-L urm\u0103m pe Dumnezeu care ne cheam\u0103 la ea, ori ne putem abate de la virtute - \u0219i asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103dem \u00een viciu - \u0219i s\u0103-l urm\u0103m pe Satana care ne cheam\u0103 la ea f\u0103r\u0103 uzurpare. Prin urmare, r\u0103ul \u0219i viciul nu sunt altceva dec\u00e2t o abatere \u00eempotriva naturii cu care ne-a creat Dumnezeu. El continu\u0103, spun\u00e2nd: \u201eViciul nu este altceva dec\u00e2t s\u0103 te \u00eendep\u0103rtezi de bine, la fel cum \u00eentunericul este dispari\u021bia luminii\u201d. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te \u00eentoarcerea la natura noastr\u0103, ea are loc prin poc\u0103in\u021b\u0103 la Dumnezeu, adic\u0103 este \u201eo \u00eentoarcere de la ceea ce este \u00eempotriva naturii noastre la ceea ce este conform naturii noastre\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Apoi Al-Dimashqi pune o \u00eentrebare de baz\u0103: \u201eCare este motivul pentru care Dumnezeu i-a creat pe cei despre care El \u0219tie c\u0103 se vor p\u0103c\u0103tui \u0219i nu se vor poc\u0103i?\u201d El \u00eensu\u0219i r\u0103spunde cu certitudine c\u0103 Dumnezeu cunoa\u0219te soarta fiec\u0103rei fiin\u021be umane \u0219i a fiec\u0103rei creaturi din momentul \u00een care El \u00eei aduce ei din neant \u00een existen\u021b\u0103. Cu toate acestea, El vrea ca omul s\u0103 elimine r\u0103ul. Aceasta se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 \u201edac\u0103 cei care vor exista din cauza bun\u0103t\u0103\u021bii lui Dumnezeu Atotputernic \u00eei \u00eempiedic\u0103 s\u0103 existe, pentru c\u0103 vor deveni r\u0103i cu consim\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul lor, atunci r\u0103ul va fi biruit. bun\u0103tatea lui Dumnezeu.\u201d Adev\u0103rata b\u0103t\u0103lie este cea care are loc \u00eentre o persoan\u0103 cu voin\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103 \u0219i dorin\u021bele care \u00eel conduc la r\u0103u. Omul este chemat s\u0103 elimine tot ceea ce \u00eel \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 de dreptate. Dumnezeu respect\u0103 libertatea omului \u0219i dore\u0219te ca omul s\u0103 aleag\u0103 s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 cu El cu aceast\u0103 libertate, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu se amestec\u0103 \u00een prevenirea existen\u021bei oamenilor r\u0103i.<\/p>\n<p>Dumnezeu nu vrea r\u0103ul, dar El permite, din respect pentru libertatea omului. Sf\u00e2ntul Damasc spune: \u201eLucrurile care sunt \u00een puterea noastr\u0103, unele sunt bune \u0219i Dumnezeu le vrea cu hot\u0103r\u00e2re \u0219i consim\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt, iar unele sunt rele \u0219i rele \u00een realitate \u0219i Dumnezeu nu le vrea nici \u00eenainte, nici dup\u0103, ci mai degrab\u0103. le las\u0103 \u00een libertatea noastr\u0103.\u201d Nu este permis s\u0103 atribui responsabilitatea pentru ac\u021biunile unei persoane unei for\u021be aflate \u00een afara controlului s\u0103u, deoarece o persoan\u0103 nu este o ma\u0219in\u0103 preprogramat\u0103 \u0219i nu este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 nu are putere sau putere s\u0103 se confrunte cu alegerile care apar \u00eenaintea sa. Sf\u00e2ntul \u00eensu\u0219i afirm\u0103 c\u0103 \u201enu este \u00eeng\u0103duit s\u0103 consemnezi fapte ur\u00e2te \u0219i nedrepte \u00eempotriva lui Dumnezeu, nici \u00eempotriva destinului, nici \u00eempotriva sor\u021bii, nici \u00eempotriva naturii, nici \u00eempotriva norocului, nici \u00eempotriva instinctului\u201d, \u0219i \u00eencheie aceast\u0103 idee spun\u00e2nd: \u201eDe aceea , r\u0103m\u00e2ne c\u0103 dac\u0103 o persoan\u0103 lucreaz\u0103 sau creeaz\u0103... El este principiul propriilor ac\u021biuni \u0219i este liber.\u201d Prin urmare, fiecare fiin\u021b\u0103 uman\u0103 este responsabil\u0103 pentru ac\u021biunile sale, fie c\u0103 sunt bune sau rele.<\/p>\n<p>Ce rol are Satana \u00een asta? Sf\u00e2ntul Damasc spune c\u0103 Satana este p\u0103rintele r\u0103ului \u0219i este cel care a creat p\u0103catul. Cum sa f\u0103cut asta? Sf\u00e2ntul nostru r\u0103spunde: \u201eEl, a\u0219a cum l-a creat Dumnezeu, nu a fost r\u0103u, ci bun, pentru c\u0103 Creatorul l-a f\u0103cut un \u00eenger str\u0103lucitor, luminos \u0219i liber. El s-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat de bun\u0103voie de la virtutea cerut\u0103 de natur\u0103 \u0219i a ajuns \u00een \u00eentunericul r\u0103ului, ap\u0103r\u00e2ndu-se numai de Dumnezeu, care este bun, d\u0103t\u0103tor de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i d\u0103 lumin\u0103. R\u0103m\u00e2ne c\u0103 persoana care se supune ispitelor Satanei este singura responsabil\u0103 pentru p\u0103catul pe care \u00eel comite \u0219i numai el va pl\u0103ti pre\u021bul pentru el. Este corect s\u0103 spunem aici: \u201e\u0218i niciun purt\u0103tor de poveri nu va purta povara altuia\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Sf\u00e2ntul Maxim M\u0103rturisitorul (+662) consider\u0103 c\u0103 omul nu este silit s\u0103 se uneasc\u0103 cu Dumnezeu, \u00eentruc\u00e2t este liber, iar libertatea sa \u201ecare este chipul lui Dumnezeu \u00een el\u201d \u00eei d\u0103 posibilitatea s\u0103-L resping\u0103 pe Dumnezeu \u0219i, ulterior, s\u0103 mearg\u0103 \u00een iad, sau s\u0103 se uneasc\u0103 cu Dumnezeu \u0219i s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 pentru via\u021ba ve\u0219nic\u0103. At\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t via\u021ba acestei lumi dureaz\u0103 pentru noi, avem de ales s\u0103 fim cu Dumnezeu sau \u00eempotriva Lui. \u00cen concluzie, dac\u0103 dorim s\u0103 facem distinc\u021bie \u00eentre fiin\u021be umane, putem spune c\u0103 fiin\u021ba uman\u0103 \u201enatural\u0103\u201d este cea care t\u00e2nje\u0219te dup\u0103 Dumnezeu, \u00een timp ce fiin\u021ba uman\u0103 \u201enefireasc\u0103\u201d este cea care t\u00e2nje\u0219te dup\u0103 r\u0103u \u0219i \u00eel face.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Despre buletinul meu parohial<br \/> Duminic\u0103, 2 august 1998<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"2778,1169,2901,2584,721,1098,2668,2627,1154,2582,2486,2594","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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