{"id":649,"date":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","date_gmt":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/justinus-darmaatmaja-ii\/"},"modified":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","modified_gmt":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","slug":"justinus-darmaatmaja-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/da\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/justinus-darmaatmaja-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Justin II"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Justinian forlod ikke en efterf\u00f8lger og samarbejdede ikke med nogen i den lilla. Men han stolede p\u00e5 sin nev\u00f8 Justin og konsulterede ham om statslige anliggender. Senatorerne f\u00f8lte denne tillid og elskede Justinius, s\u00e5 de stolede p\u00e5 hans valg umiddelbart efter den gamle kejsers d\u00f8d. Justinian n\u00e5ede en alder af treogfirs, og sidstn\u00e6vnte blev syg, og han sagde ikke et eneste ord, der viste, at han \u00f8nskede, at han skulle efterf\u00f8lge ham ved magten. Han var n\u00e6sten forpustet om efter\u00e5rsnatten, s\u00e5 Justin og hans kone, Sophia, sad i et af vinduerne i deres palads med udsigt over Bosporus og ventede. Ved daggry underrettede budbringeren dem om kejserens d\u00f8d. Vi h\u00e5ber, at sheikherne vil tage ansvaret for afg\u00f8relserne. Traditionen dikterede, at Justin afviste h\u00e5bet, s\u00e5 det gjorde han. S\u00e5 tog han imod og gik straks til paladset (14. november 565. Han gik ud med ham if\u00f8rt lilla og prydet med juveler, som Belisarius havde fundet tilbage fra goterne. Soldaterne rejste ham p\u00e5 skjoldet. S\u00e5 st\u00f8ttede kirken ham, s\u00e5 hovedstadens patriark velsignede ham og satte kronen p\u00e5 hans hoved.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Justin var aktiv, flittig, modig og dristig Han afholdt sig fra at betale de \u00e5rlige tilskud til barbarerne, &quot;som bel\u00f8b sig til tre hundrede tusinde lire i guld fjerne bekymring og modgang fra alle fag. Men begivenhederne kom den ene efter den anden, st\u00e6rke og voldsomme, og de medf\u00f8rte, hvad han ikke \u00f8nskede. Justinus var, p\u00e5 trods af sine fortjenester, stolt, arrogant og mangel p\u00e5 opfindsomhed. I slutningen af \u00e5ret 573 led han en klar psykisk skade, s\u00e5 hans kone, Sophia, p\u00e5tog sig ansvaret for at udf\u00f8re regeringens pligter med hj\u00e6lp fra vagtens kommandant, Tiberius den Trov\u00e6rdige. Derefter adopterede Justin Tiberius og erkl\u00e6rede ham den 7. december 574 for C\u00e6sar. Tiberius styrede sager i sin herres navn i fire p\u00e5 hinanden f\u00f8lgende \u00e5r, indtil Justinus regerede og regerede alene.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Trinitarisme:<\/span><\/strong> Skismaet f\u00f8rte til ekstremisme gennem vildledning En apamit ved navn John Iscosnag l\u00e6rte i Konstantinopel i \u00e5r 557, at Kristus har \u00e9n natur, og at hver af hypostaserne har \u00e9n s\u00e6rlig natur. Han blev afsk\u00e5ret, forvist og d\u00f8de. Hans tilh\u00e6ngere var splittede, s\u00e5 John Philoponus, den Alexandriske professor, underviste om gudernes treenighed og sagde, at den menneskelige krop blev udslettet i henhold til b\u00e5de form og stof. Conon, biskop af Tarsus, l\u00e6rte, at den menneskelige krop kun er d\u00f8delig i forhold til udseendet. Demian, en af patriarkerne af Den Ene Natur i Alexandria, troede p\u00e5 Guddommens kvadratiske, hvilket betyder, at han betragtede en s\u00e6rlig eksistens for hver af de tre hypostaser og en fjerde, generel eksistens for alle tre sammen.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Justin II og Kirken:<\/span><\/strong> P\u00e5 trods af Justinians fiasko i at bejle til dem, der troede p\u00e5 \u00e9n natur, \u00e6ndrede Justin ikke noget fra sin store onkels plan. Dens pioner forblev ved at forene r\u00e6kkerne, og dens midler forblev enten kompromis i doktrin eller pres i administrationen. Hans kones mystik adskilte sig ikke fra hendes kusine Theodoras. De talte begge om \u00e9n natur p\u00e5 samme m\u00e5de som Severus fra Antiokia, og de st\u00f8ttede begge monofysitterne med den visdom, intelligens og evne, de fik.<\/p>\n<p>Justin begyndte sit religi\u00f8se program ved at sende de eksilbiskopper tilbage til deres hjemlande. S\u00e5 modtog Theodosius patriarken Alexandria, som stadig var i eksil langt fra sit bisped\u00f8mme, med stor varme. Efter sin d\u00f8d i \u00e5r 566 beordrede Justin, at hans begravelse skulle gives en stor, luksuri\u00f8s begravelse. Han var t\u00e5lmodig og lyttede til de to trekanter i hovedstaden og til deres modstandere, monofysitterne, der fors\u00f8gte at reformere og forene r\u00e6kkerne. Sufia opfordrede til en semi-permanent konference i Konstantinopel for at bringe de stridende f\u00e6dres synspunkter n\u00e6rmere. S\u00e5 kom Yacoub ElBaradei, og andre senior monofysitter kom, og den personlige gnidning varede i et helt \u00e5r, men til ingen nytte. Justinus tyede til udtalelser, forbud og administrativt pres. I \u00e5r 567 udstedte han et Enoticon, der bestemte at forkaste de tre kapitler, acceptere Severus fra Antiokia og ignorere r\u00e5det i Chalcedon. Men monofysitterne insisterede p\u00e5 n\u00f8dvendigheden af \u00e5bent at anerkende den ene natur. S\u00e5 Justin beordrede sin ambassad\u00f8r i Persien, John, til at bes\u00f8ge Syrien ved hans tilbagevenden og fors\u00f8ge at overbevise de monofystiske f\u00e6dre til at acceptere Enotikonet og handle i overensstemmelse med det. S\u00e5ledes ser vi f\u00e6drene samlet ved Raqqa Callinicum i \u00e5r 567 for at r\u00e5df\u00f8re sig med Johannes Pingvinen om sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om Enotikonet. ElBaradei og andre gav efter, men flertallet af f\u00e6dre forblev mist\u00e6nksomme over for enhver imperialistisk l\u00f8sning af denne art. Nogen rejste sig og snuppede det kejserlige dokument fra l\u00e6serens h\u00e5nd, rev det op, og Johannes vendte tilbage til Konstantinopel i fiasko.<\/p>\n<p>Justinus gentog sagen og insisterede p\u00e5 at n\u00e5 til enighed og informerede senior Menophysites om teksten til en ny aftale, f\u00f8r han udstedte den. I \u00e5r 571 fremh\u00e6vede han det andet enotikon, som anerkendte \u00e9n inkarneret natur, men kun i teorien, og anerkendte en forskel mellem to naturer, guddommelige og menneskelige, med en implicit anerkendelse af Chalcedons r\u00e5d og forts\u00e6ttelsen af bruddet, der ramte Severus af Antiokia.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tiberius og Mauricius:<\/span><\/strong> Tiberius overtog magten i efter\u00e5ret 574. Han stoppede forf\u00f8lgelsen af menofikerne og tillod ElBaradei at forlade sit eksil og vende tilbage til Konstantinopel. Efter Johannes, patriarken af Konstantinopel, vendte han tilbage Euphticius fra eksil og overrakte ham protektionens krykke i 577. Euphticius vendte tilbage til sin tidligere entusiasme for at presse og begr\u00e6nse menofikerne, s\u00e5 Tiberius fortalte ham sit historiske ordsprog: &quot; V\u00e6r t\u00e5lmodig, for barbarerne er mange, og det er bedre at bek\u00e6mpe dem.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Mauricius fulgte denne plan i sin holdning til kirken og dens problemer. Han var afbalanceret og moderat, s\u00e5 han fastholdt sin ortodoksi og gik ikke til ekstremer, og han begr\u00e6nsede heller ikke monofysitterne og andre. Han var blevet ven med Gregor den Store, pave af Rom, da han stadig var repr\u00e6sentant for det gamle Rom ved det kejserlige hof i det nye Rom, s\u00e5 han fastholdt og styrkede dette venskab. Mauricius Gregorius, patriark af Antiokia, og Johannes den Faste, patriark af Konstantinopel, respekterede og samarbejdede t\u00e6t med dem. Det m\u00e6rkelige er, at den syriske tradition gjorde denne kejser til en helgen.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Gregory, patriark af Antiokia:<\/span><\/strong> (570-593) Kejser Justin samarbejdede ikke med Anastasius, patriark af Antiokia. M\u00e5ske var grunden til dette, at Anastasius var fuldst\u00e6ndig loyal over for den ortodokse tro, og at hans stivhed i religion ikke matchede Justinians fleksibilitet i politik. I \u00e5r 570 blev striden mellem de to monarker intensiveret, og kejseren anklagede patriarken for at sige noget upassende for det sunnimuslimske samfund og spilde kirkens midler, s\u00e5 Anastasius blev tvunget til at forlade Antiokia til Jerusalem. Gregory, leder af Sinai-klosteret, blev udn\u00e6vnt i hans sted. Han styrede flokken med fromhed og gudsfrygt indtil sin d\u00f8d i \u00e5r 593. Anastasius blev genoprettet til apostlenes arvef\u00f8lge og fortsatte med at vogte den med beslutsomhed og iver indtil sin d\u00f8d i \u00e5r 598.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Den syriske kirke og den melkitiske kirke:<\/span><\/strong> Justinians efterf\u00f8lgere modererede deres holdning til monofysitterne, og de var i stand til at organisere deres anliggender, og i den sidste fjerdedel af det sjette \u00e5rhundrede slog de sig ned i en selvst\u00e6ndig kirke. De gav den universelle moderkirke et nyt navn, der blev popul\u00e6rt blandt dem: Kongekirken, hvilket betyder, at det var Kongens Kirke i Konstantinopel.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"652,2566,644,1325,660,1991,653,1995,655,552,1132,648","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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