{"id":505,"date":"2008-10-27T21:17:43","date_gmt":"2008-10-27T21:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/biblical-studies\/articles-related-to-the-holy-bible\/epistle-of-barnabas\/"},"modified":"2008-10-27T21:17:43","modified_gmt":"2008-10-27T21:17:43","slug":"epistle-of-barnabas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/de\/biblical-studies\/articles-related-to-the-holy-bible\/epistle-of-barnabas\/","title":{"rendered":"Brief des Barnabas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201eDer Barnabasbrief\u201c, bei dem es sich nicht um das angebliche \u201eBarnabasevangelium\u201c handelt, ist eines der Werke, die im fr\u00fchen Christentum popul\u00e4r waren. Es handelt sich um einen der apokryphen Briefe, also jene Briefe, die zur apokryphen Literatur geh\u00f6ren oder anderen als ihren Autoren zugeschrieben werden. Es ist \u00fcblich, dass der Barnabasbrief zu den Werken der Kirchenv\u00e4ter und apostolischen Autoren gez\u00e4hlt wird. Manchmal geh\u00f6rt es zu den kanonischen B\u00fcchern, w\u00e4hrend andere es als apokryphe Schriften betrachten. Der Barnabasbrief enth\u00e4lt keinen Namen eines Autors. Clemens von Alexandria (+216) schrieb ihn dem Heiligen Barnabas zu, einem Gef\u00e4hrten des Apostels Paulus, und die Tradition folgte ihm in dieser Zuschreibung. Allerdings schlie\u00dfen Gelehrte heute aus, dass Barnabas der Autor war, da der Brief um das Jahr 115 n. Chr. geschrieben wurde und Barnabas zu dieser Zeit gestorben war. Was den Ort betrifft, an dem der Brief geschrieben wurde, glauben einige, dass er sich in Alexandria befand, w\u00e4hrend andere eher glauben, dass sein Heimatland Kleinasien, Syrien oder Pal\u00e4stina war.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Der Barnabasbrief besteht aus einundzwanzig Kapiteln und ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der Autor beginnt seine Botschaft mit einer allgemeinen Begr\u00fc\u00dfung und Einleitung. Im ersten Abschnitt geht er dann auf die Lehren der Heiligen Bibel \u00fcber Gott, Christus, das neue Volk Gottes und seine Pflichten ein. Im zweiten Abschnitt spricht er \u00fcber die beiden Wege, den Weg des Lichts und den Weg der Dunkelheit. Im letzten Kapitel ruft er die Leser dazu auf, sich den Geboten des Herrn zu unterwerfen, und schlie\u00dft mit einer Begr\u00fc\u00dfung und einem Segen.<\/p>\n<p>Die theologische Bedeutung des Barnabasbriefs liegt darin, dass er als erster eine symbolische und spirituelle Interpretation des gesamten Alten Testaments gab und darin eine Prophezeiung \u00fcber Christus und das christliche Leben sah. Der Autor glaubt im ersten Teil seines Briefes, dass das, was Gott in Bezug auf Opfer, Beschneidung und Nahrungsmittel beschlossen hat, geistlich verstanden werden muss. Anstelle von Opfern bittet Gott um ein reuiges Herz und anstelle der Beschneidung des K\u00f6rpers die Beschneidung des Herzens und der Ohren. Der Autor ist der Ansicht, dass die Juden den Willen Gottes missverstanden haben, als sie das Gesetz w\u00f6rtlich verstanden und anwendeten. Er sagt: \u201eMoses redete im geistlichen Sinne, also nahmen die Juden seine Worte entsprechend der Begierde des Fleisches an.\u201c Wir haben die richtige Bedeutung der Gebote verstanden. Es besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass Gott den Juden den Bund gegeben hat, aber sie waren aufgrund ihrer S\u00fcnden nicht w\u00fcrdig, ihn anzunehmen. Daher glaubt der Verfasser des Briefes, dass der Bund und das Buch nur den Christen gegeben wurden und dass sie deshalb in der Lage waren, die spirituelle Bedeutung hinter der w\u00f6rtlichen Bedeutung zu entdecken, und erkl\u00e4rt daher: \u201eDer Herr selbst hat uns den Bund gegeben.\u201c dass wir die Erben des Volkes sind, nachdem Er f\u00fcr uns gelitten hat.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Im zweiten Abschnitt, der moralischer Natur ist, beschreibt der Autor die beiden Wege, den Weg des Lichts und den Weg der Dunkelheit. Dieser Abschnitt ist durch das vorherrschende Muster in den Weisheitsb\u00fcchern des Alten Testaments gekennzeichnet, das hei\u00dft durch kurze, beratende S\u00e4tze, die zu gutem Verhalten und zur Vermeidung von B\u00f6sem f\u00fchren: \u201eLiebe wie die Pupille deines Auges jeden, der dir das Wort Gottes predigt.\u201c . Bekenne deine S\u00fcnden. Gehen Sie nicht mit schlechtem Gewissen zum Gebet. Das ist der Weg des Lichts. Der Weg der Schw\u00e4rze ist ansonsten verdreht und voller Fluch.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Die Lehren der Botschaft drehen sich um die Best\u00e4tigung der Transzendenz und G\u00f6ttlichkeit Jesu Christi. Christus, \u201eder geliebte Jesus\u201c, der Sohn Gottes, der Mensch wurde und uns erl\u00f6ste, ist der einzige Meister: \u201eDer Meister ertrug die Zerst\u00f6rung seines K\u00f6rpers, um uns durch die Vergebung der S\u00fcnden zu reinigen, die durch die Besprengung vollzogen wird.\u201c von seinem Blut. Der Meister ertrug das Leid unserer Seelen, obwohl er der Meister des Universums ist, zu dem Gott seit Anbeginn der Welt sagte: \u201eLasst uns den Menschen nach unserem Bild und Gleichnis erschaffen.\u201c Es ist erw\u00e4hnenswert, dass der Autor auch den Ausdruck \u201eHerr des Universums\u201c verwendet, wenn er \u00fcber den Vater spricht, was seiner Ansicht nach auf die Gleichheit des Vaters und des Sohnes mit G\u00f6ttlichkeit und Ewigkeit hinweist. Auff\u00e4llig ist auch, dass der Autor die Worte des Buches Genesis \u00fcber die Erschaffung des Menschen so interpretiert, dass er die Tat dem Vater und dem Sohn zuschreibt, und diese Interpretation ist in dieser Hinsicht die erste.<\/p>\n<p>Der Autor des Briefes besch\u00e4ftigt sich mit der Taufe als Neusch\u00f6pfung und Erneuerung: \u201eDa er uns durch die Vergebung der S\u00fcnden erneuert hat, hat er uns ein weiteres Siegel gegeben, damit wir die Seele kleiner Kinder haben, als ob er.\u201c hatte uns neu erschaffen.\u201c Die Taufe bewirkt eine Transformation in uns, sodass wir zu Tempeln Gottes werden: \u201eWir steigen in das Wasser voller S\u00fcnden und Unreinheiten hinab, aber wir kommen daraus hervor und tragen Fr\u00fcchte, mit Furcht im Herzen und Hoffnung auf Christus im Kopf (. ..) Indem wir die Vergebung der S\u00fcnden und unsere Hoffnung im Namen des Herrn annehmen, werden wir zu neuen Menschen, v\u00f6llig neu erschaffen.\u201c Auf den Kopf gestellt. Auf diese Weise wohnt Gott wirklich in uns, in uns.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Die Botschaft von Barnabas zeichnet sich durch eine einfache, ergreifende Sprache aus. Ihr Schwerpunkt liegt darauf, dass das Leben des Christen ganz und gar in Christus und seiner Kirche verwurzelt ist. Was die Moral betrifft, so ist sie von einem sozialen Charakter gepr\u00e4gt, der sich um andere k\u00fcmmert: \u201eLebe nicht isoliert und zur\u00fcckgezogen in dir selbst, als ob du gerechtfertigt worden w\u00e4rest, sondern versammle dich, um gemeinsam nach dem zu suchen, was von gemeinsamem Nutzen ist.\u201c Was diese Botschaft jedoch besonders auszeichnet, ist der Charakter christlicher Freude, die am Sonntag am deutlichsten zum Ausdruck kommt: \u201eDeshalb feiern wir mit Freude den achten Tag, an dem Jesus auferstanden ist und in den Himmel aufgefahren ist, nachdem er sich offenbart hat.\u201c Es ist kein Wunder, dass der Autor die Christen zur Freude aufruft, denn f\u00fcr ihn sind sie \u201eKinder der Liebe\u201c und \u201eKinder der Liebe und des Friedens\u201c, deren Leben aus \u201eder \u00fcberflie\u00dfenden Quelle des Herrn\u201c entspringt und sich danach sehnt, n\u00e4her zusammenzukommen zu ihm.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Aus meinem Gemeindebulletin 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