{"id":1767,"date":"2010-04-05T17:20:17","date_gmt":"2010-04-05T17:20:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/historical-studies\/tertullian\/"},"modified":"2010-04-05T17:20:17","modified_gmt":"2010-04-05T17:20:17","slug":"tertullian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/es\/church-history\/historical-studies\/tertullian\/","title":{"rendered":"Tertuliano el signo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tertuliano naci\u00f3 alrededor del a\u00f1o 155 en Cartago de padres paganos. Recibi\u00f3 lecciones avanzadas y destac\u00f3 en filosof\u00eda, literatura e incluso medicina. Estudi\u00f3 derecho y ejerci\u00f3 la abogac\u00eda. Se convirti\u00f3 al cristianismo alrededor del a\u00f1o 193. Sin embargo, en el a\u00f1o 207 pas\u00f3 a la herej\u00eda montanista, que es una herej\u00eda extremista. A pesar del error en el que cay\u00f3 Tertuliano, se le considera, por lo que escribi\u00f3 antes de involucrarse en la herej\u00eda, uno de los m\u00e1s grandes escritores de la Iglesia que dej\u00f3 un impacto en su trayectoria hist\u00f3rica. La pasi\u00f3n de Tertuliano era el deseo de martirio, y el hero\u00edsmo de los cristianos perseguidos pudo haber sido lo que le llev\u00f3 a abrazar la fe cristiana. Dijo: \u201cTodo el mundo siente una especie de ansiedad ante la firmeza de los m\u00e1rtires. Quiere desesperadamente buscar la raz\u00f3n y, una vez que conoce la verdad, \u00e9l mismo la acepta\u201d. Tertuliano utiliz\u00f3 un elegante lenguaje latino y una fuerte l\u00f3gica en sus escritos. Muri\u00f3 alrededor del a\u00f1o 222.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Tertuliano escribi\u00f3 muchas obras que a\u00fan hoy se distinguen por tratar temas actuales y contempor\u00e1neos. Estos escritos se pueden dividir en tres categor\u00edas: escritos defensivos, escritos pol\u00e9micos y escritos asc\u00e9ticos. En el marco de sus escritos defensivos, escribi\u00f3 un libro titulado \u201cA los paganos\u201d, que contiene una maravillosa defensa de la creencia en un solo Dios. En cuanto a su libro \u201cLa Defensa\u201d, es considerado una obra maestra de la apolog\u00e9tica cristiana. En \u00e9l, el escritor presenta una hermosa presentaci\u00f3n del cristianismo y da testimonio de la historia de la \u00e9poca, exponiendo las horribles calumnias de las que fueron v\u00edctimas los cristianos. como el asesinato de ni\u00f1os en ceremonias de culto. En el mismo libro, Tertuliano exige libertad religiosa para todos y dice: \u201cNadie quiere una lealtad forzada\u201d. En otro libro, el mismo escritor se dirige a \u00e9l \u201ca Scabola\u201d, el c\u00f3nsul de \u00c1frica que hab\u00eda entregado a los cristianos a los monstruos y quemado a algunos de ellos, advirti\u00e9ndole del castigo divino y exigiendo libertad religiosa: \u201cEs un derecho del hombre, y el privilegio de su naturaleza, adorar a cada uno seg\u00fan sus convicciones, pues la religi\u00f3n de uno no da\u00f1a a los dem\u00e1s ni les sirve. No es una caracter\u00edstica de la religi\u00f3n que la religi\u00f3n se imponga por la fuerza\u201d. Tertuliano escribi\u00f3 un libro en la \u201cRespuesta a los jud\u00edos\u201d, en el que consideraba que la ley de Mois\u00e9s no era necesaria para la salvaci\u00f3n, ya que Cristo, creador de la nueva alianza, sacerdote del nuevo sacrificio y guardi\u00e1n del Hab\u00eda llegado el s\u00e1bado eterno, y la ley de la justicia s\u00f3lo ten\u00eda que dar paso a la ley del amor.<\/p>\n<p>Hay dos libros importantes de Tertuliano que caen dentro del marco de sus escritos pol\u00e9micos: \u201cSobre la presunci\u00f3n de herej\u00edas\u201d y \u201cLa respuesta a Marci\u00f3n\u201d. El primer libro es un estudio exhaustivo de la herej\u00eda desde un punto de vista legal y considera la herej\u00eda por elecci\u00f3n ileg\u00edtima. Tertuliano consideraba que el tema de la disputa entre la Iglesia y la herej\u00eda era la Santa Biblia. La Santa Biblia es propiedad de la Iglesia, tal como est\u00e1 escrito en ella y para ella dice: \u201cYa que los herejes est\u00e1n armados con el Libro Sagrado, debemos ver claramente a qui\u00e9n pertenece el Libro Sagrado, para que no est\u00e9 permitido. para ser utilizado por cualquiera que no tenga derecho a este privilegio\u201d. A este respecto, Tertuliano subraya que el cristiano no \u201celige\u201d la verdad que le agrada, sino que acepta la verdad que le transmiten los ap\u00f3stoles. En cuanto a \u201cLa respuesta a Marci\u00f3n\u201d, incluye respuestas a la herej\u00eda de Marci\u00f3n, quien rechaz\u00f3 la creencia en el Antiguo Testamento y todo lo mencionado sobre \u00e9l en el Nuevo Testamento, bas\u00e1ndose en su dicho de que el Dios bueno y misericordioso de Jesucristo no pod\u00eda s\u00e9 el mismo que el Dios justo y retribuyente del Antiguo Testamento. En esta respuesta, Tertuliano considera que Jes\u00fas expandi\u00f3 el juda\u00edsmo por todo el mundo. Dice: \u201cLos mandamientos de la Tor\u00e1 fueron las primeras palabras en las que se revel\u00f3 la bondad de Dios\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Tertuliano escribi\u00f3 un ensayo sobre el \u201cBautismo\u201d, un ensayo en el que el escritor discute con una mujer llamada Quintilla que se mostraba esc\u00e9ptica sobre el uso del agua en el bautismo. Tertuliano responde recalcando la importancia del agua y diciendo: \u201cEn cuanto a nosotros, los pececillos, que llevamos el nombre de Jesucristo, nacemos en el agua, y no somos salvos sino permaneciendo en ella\u201d. Para entender lo que se quiere decir con la frase de Tertuliano, debemos se\u00f1alar que el pez es un s\u00edmbolo de Cristo en la Iglesia primitiva, pues el nombre del pez en griego consta de cinco letras, cada una de las cuales representa la primera letra del palabras de la siguiente frase: Jesucristo, el Hijo de Dios, el Salvador.<\/p>\n<p>En cuanto a los escritos asc\u00e9ticos de Tertuliano, son muchos, el m\u00e1s importante de los cuales es su libro \u201cSobre la oraci\u00f3n\u201d, donde encontramos un comentario al Padrenuestro. Tertuliano recomienda orar con el hu\u00e9sped, ya que para \u00e9l la oraci\u00f3n es una de las reglas de la hospitalidad cristiana. Dice: \u201cCuando un hermano entre en tu casa, no lo dejes ir sin orar. Se ha dicho: Quien ve a su hermano, ve al Se\u00f1or. Especialmente si el hu\u00e9sped es un extra\u00f1o, puede ser un \u00e1ngel\u201d. Tertuliano escribi\u00f3 \u201cSobre la paciencia\u201d, considerando que \u201cel amor, que es el secreto m\u00e1s elevado de la fe, \u00bfse puede alcanzar sin practicar la paciencia?\u201d Tertuliano tambi\u00e9n escribi\u00f3 un libro \u201cSobre el arrepentimiento\u201d en el que considera la existencia de un segundo arrepentimiento (una sola vez) en la iglesia despu\u00e9s del bautismo, que es un arrepentimiento p\u00fablico \u201cque se realiza a la entrada de la casa para ser abierto a quien quiera\u201d. llama, pero s\u00f3lo una vez, ya que es la segunda vez (despu\u00e9s del bautismo)\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Hay espacio limitado para que presentemos todo lo que escribi\u00f3 Tertuliano y encontremos beneficio en ello. Pero para concluir, y en las circunstancias que el mundo vive hoy en d\u00eda de violencia, asesinatos y violaciones crecientes, basta decir con Tertuliano: \u201cAumentamos en n\u00famero cuanto m\u00e1s nos cosechan\u201d. La sangre de los cristianos es semilla\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Acerca de mi bolet\u00edn parroquial<br \/>Domingo 12 de mayo de 2002<br \/>N\u00famero 19<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 155 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0651 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"603,489,2544,4993,906,1375,2703,1200,1185,5022,1911,5014","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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