{"id":2280,"date":"2010-05-16T09:22:02","date_gmt":"2010-05-16T09:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/saints-and-fathers\/ya\/st-justine-the-philosopher-and-martyr\/"},"modified":"2026-02-19T02:26:15","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T01:26:15","slug":"st-justine-the-philosopher-and-martyr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/es\/saints-and-fathers\/ya\/st-justine-the-philosopher-and-martyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Justino, el fil\u00f3sofo y m\u00e1rtir"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2278\" style=\"float: left;\" title=\"San Justino M\u00e1rtir\" alt=\"San Justino M\u00e1rtir\" src=\"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/05\/1_june_justin_the_philosopher_and_Martyr.jpg\" height=\"180\" width=\"100\" \/>Justino escribi\u00f3 muchas obras, de las cuales s\u00f3lo nos han llegado tres: dos defensas del cristianismo y un di\u00e1logo con Trif\u00f3n el jud\u00edo. Justino (cuyo nombre significa \u201cjusto\u201d en \u00e1rabe) naci\u00f3 de padres paganos en Flavia Ne\u00e1polis de Palestina, es decir, en la actual Naplusa, alrededor del a\u00f1o 100 d.C., y creci\u00f3 all\u00ed. Estudi\u00f3 filosof\u00eda en todas sus escuelas con varios profesores.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Uno de los ancianos de \u00c9feso lo invit\u00f3 a convertirse al cristianismo, despu\u00e9s de ver que todos los intentos de los fil\u00f3sofos de demostrar la existencia del alma y su inmortalidad estaban destinados al fracaso. Este jeque le pidi\u00f3 que orara para conocer a Dios y a Cristo. Justino luego se convirti\u00f3 al cristianismo. Al respecto, \u00e9l mismo dice: \u201cEstudi\u00e9 sucesivamente todas las ense\u00f1anzas y termin\u00e9 abrazando la verdadera ense\u00f1anza, que es la ense\u00f1anza de los cristianos\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Justino nos cuenta, en su libro La Segunda Defensa del Cristianismo, c\u00f3mo se hizo cristiano: Un d\u00eda Justino caminaba por la orilla del mar, y vio a un anciano que le habl\u00f3 de lo que buscaba y lo convenci\u00f3 de que la filosof\u00eda s\u00ed. no sacia su sed. Luego dirigi\u00f3 su atenci\u00f3n a los profetas, subrayando que s\u00f3lo ellos eran los portadores de la verdad. Entonces el jeque desapareci\u00f3 y desapareci\u00f3. Justino persever\u00f3 en la lectura de las profec\u00edas y del Evangelio, y encontr\u00f3 en ellos lo que buscaba. Y a\u00f1adi\u00f3: \u201cSol\u00eda regocijarme y cantar sobre las ense\u00f1anzas de Plat\u00f3n, y sol\u00eda escuchar calumnias contra los cristianos. Pero cuando vi que no tem\u00edan a la muerte ni a ninguna otra cosa que causara terror, conclu\u00ed que no pod\u00edan ser malos ni los que aman los placeres... Entonces intent\u00e9 con todas mis fuerzas convertirme en cristiano\u201d. Justino se convirti\u00f3 al cristianismo en \u00c9feso y dedic\u00f3 su vida a defenderlo, tom\u00f3 el manto de los fil\u00f3sofos griegos y comenz\u00f3 a vagar y ense\u00f1ar. Entonces fue a Roma y fund\u00f3 all\u00ed una escuela. All\u00ed fue martirizado en el a\u00f1o 165 d. H. con seis de sus compa\u00f1eros.<\/p>\n<p>Justin dedic\u00f3 toda su vida a defender y difundir el cristianismo y la fe cristiana, por ser \u201cla \u00fanica filosof\u00eda segura y \u00fatil\u201d. Como cre\u00eda que \u201ctodos los que puedan decir la verdad y no la digan, ser\u00e1n condenados por Dios\u201d, se mov\u00eda de un lugar a otro ense\u00f1ando lo que le hab\u00edan ense\u00f1ado. Justino pas\u00f3 sus \u00faltimos a\u00f1os en Roma, donde fund\u00f3 una escuela y escribi\u00f3 la mayor\u00eda de sus obras. \u00c9l y otros seis cristianos, la mayor\u00eda de los cuales eran sus disc\u00edpulos, fueron decapitados en el a\u00f1o 165. Anteriormente hab\u00eda predicho su martirio cuando dijo: \u201cYo tambi\u00e9n estoy esperando ser perseguido y colgado en el madero de tormento\u201d. La Santa Iglesia lo celebra el primero de junio.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2279\" style=\"float: left;\" title=\"San Justino M\u00e1rtir\" alt=\"San Justino M\u00e1rtir\" src=\"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/05\/1_june_justin_the_philosopher.jpg\" height=\"139\" width=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/05\/1_june_justin_the_philosopher.jpg 466w, https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/05\/1_june_justin_the_philosopher-215x300.jpg 215w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>Justino escribi\u00f3 muchas obras, de las cuales s\u00f3lo nos han llegado tres: dos defensas del cristianismo y un di\u00e1logo con Trif\u00f3n el jud\u00edo. En la primera defensa, el escritor refuta las acusaciones formuladas contra los cristianos, como el ate\u00edsmo, el adulterio, la infidelidad y la hostilidad hacia el Estado, y luego presenta el cristianismo, su doctrina, el comportamiento de sus seguidores y su culto. La segunda defensa parece ser una continuaci\u00f3n de la primera, y la motivaci\u00f3n para escribirla fue la ejecuci\u00f3n por parte del gobernador romano de tres cristianos por el \u00fanico pecado de llevar el nombre cristiano. Justino pide a las autoridades romanas que sean entusiastas de la justicia, la misericordia y el amor a la verdad.<\/p>\n<p>En cuanto al di\u00e1logo con Tryven, \u201cel hebreo m\u00e1s famoso de su tiempo\u201d, el santo fil\u00f3sofo cuenta la historia de su conversi\u00f3n al cristianismo, para luego hablar de las leyes rituales jud\u00edas y explicar que tienen un valor temporal mientras el cristianismo encarna la nueva ley. Luego explica la adoraci\u00f3n de Jesucristo como Dios y explica que no contradice la unidad de Dios. En la secci\u00f3n final de este di\u00e1logo, Justino explica que los paganos que creen en Cristo y practican Su ley son el nuevo Israel y el pueblo elegido de Dios.<\/p>\n<p>Una de las ideas teol\u00f3gicas m\u00e1s importantes de Justines es lo que dijo sobre el tema de \u201cla palabra semilla\u201d. Dice que esta palabra apareci\u00f3 en su perfecci\u00f3n en Cristo, pero cada persona tiene en su mente una semilla de esta palabra. Esto significa que en el Antiguo Testamento, la obra de Dios no se limitaba al pueblo hebreo, sino que su presencia se extend\u00eda a todo aquel que estuviera dispuesto a aceptar y abrazar la verdad, incluso si era ateo o pagano. San Justino dice: \u201cCristo es el primog\u00e9nito de Dios, su Palabra, en la que todos los hombres participan. Esto es lo que aprendimos y lo que declaramos. Aquellos que viv\u00edan por la Palabra eran cristianos, incluso si eran ateos como S\u00f3crates y Her\u00e1clito entre los griegos. A partir de esta teor\u00eda, queda claro que en el cristianismo se logra la pertenencia completa y total a la Palabra, y que no hay desacuerdo entre filosof\u00eda y cristianismo. Por tanto, pertenecer a Cristo y a su Iglesia es la meta de toda la historia humana, hebrea y pagana. Lo que antes de la presencia de Cristo era considerado gusto por la Palabra, despu\u00e9s de la encarnaci\u00f3n se convirti\u00f3 en realidad y verdadera vida en la verdadera Palabra.<\/p>\n<p>Por otro lado, Justino confirma que los fil\u00f3sofos tomaron de Mois\u00e9s y de los profetas toda su verdad. Por ejemplo, dice sobre Plat\u00f3n, el gran fil\u00f3sofo: \u201cDe nuestros maestros, es decir, de las ense\u00f1anzas de los profetas, Plat\u00f3n deriv\u00f3 su teor\u00eda cuando dijo que Dios cre\u00f3 la materia informe para hacer el mundo a partir de ella\u201d. Como dijo en otra parte: \u201cEn tiempos pasados hab\u00eda hombres mayores que todos los que dicen ser fil\u00f3sofos. Eran ut\u00f3picos amados por Dios. Hablaron por el Esp\u00edritu Santo y profetizaron sobre el futuro, las cosas que est\u00e1n sucediendo ahora, y los llamamos profetas\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>La charla de Justino sobre el bautismo y la Eucarist\u00eda despu\u00e9s del Bautismo y el domingo es de gran valor, ya que es uno de los primeros testimonios sobre estos dos sacramentos. \u00c9l cree en la presencia real de Cristo en la Eucarist\u00eda (la Misa Divina), y dice: \u201cEl alimento que llamamos Eucarist\u00eda no lo tomamos como tomamos pan y bebida comunes... El alimento que se convierte en Eucarist\u00eda , en las palabras de las oraciones que tomamos de \u00e9l (es decir, las palabras del Se\u00f1or Cristo en la \u00daltima Cena: &quot;Hagan: &quot;Esto es en memoria de m\u00ed, esto es mi cuerpo, esta es mi sangre&quot;. Es el cuerpo y sangre de este Jes\u00fas encarnado.<\/p>\n<p>El m\u00e1rtir Justino describe la forma en que se practicaban en aquella \u00e9poca el sacramento del bautismo y el sacramento de la Eucarist\u00eda: En el sacramento del bautismo dice: \u201c...Luego los llevamos a un lugar que contenga agua y los renovamos en de la misma manera en que nosotros fuimos renovados, al recibir ellos el lavamiento con agua en el nombre del Padre, Se\u00f1or del universo, en el nombre de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo, y en el nombre del Esp\u00edritu\u201d. Jerusal\u00e9n... Esta al lavado se le llama iluminaci\u00f3n porque quien aprende estas cosas queda iluminado por el esp\u00edritu\u2026\u201d En cuanto al misterio de la Eucarist\u00eda, dice: \u201cDespu\u00e9s de completar las oraciones y leer la Santa Biblia, nos saludamos con un beso. Luego presenta noticias y una copa de vino al l\u00edder de los hermanos, quien la acepta. Lo toma y agradece y glorifica al Padre de todas las cosas en el nombre de Su Hijo y del Esp\u00edritu Santo. Luego da muchas gracias... Cuando terminan las oraciones y la acci\u00f3n de gracias, todos los presentes se ponen de acuerdo diciendo \u201cAm\u00e9n\u201d. Esta palabra significa en arameo que as\u00ed sea. Despu\u00e9s se ofrece pan y vino a todos los presentes... Este alimento no lo comemos como pan com\u00fan y bebida com\u00fan, sino como el cuerpo y la sangre de Jes\u00fas, que se hizo carne para nuestra salvaci\u00f3n...\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Justino ten\u00eda una personalidad \u00fanica, sencilla, recta, c\u00e1lida y sin miedo a decir la verdad de lo que cre\u00eda. Pag\u00f3 con su vida esta fe, y un ejemplo elocuente lo tenemos en las palabras de Justino a sus verdugos: &quot;No me importa nada excepto decir la verdad. Lo digo y no temo a nadie, aunque me lo digan&quot;. C\u00f3rtame en pedazos inmediatamente (\u2026). La mejor oraci\u00f3n que puedo ofrecer por ustedes, amigos m\u00edos, es que puedan ser salvos en la creencia, como nosotros, de que Jesucristo es el Cristo de Dios\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>La iglesia lo celebra el 1 de junio.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f 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property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f - \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\":\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064f\u0633 (\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 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