{"id":1378,"date":"2010-02-03T10:34:12","date_gmt":"2010-02-03T10:34:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/pastoral-and-orthodox-life\/pray-fast\/nativity-fast\/"},"modified":"2010-02-03T10:34:12","modified_gmt":"2010-02-03T10:34:12","slug":"nativity-fast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/fr\/pastoral-and-orthodox-life\/pray-fast\/nativity-fast\/","title":{"rendered":"Je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Les principaux je\u00fbnes religieux d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par la Sainte \u00c9glise sont au nombre de quatre, \u00e0 savoir\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le je\u00fbne de P\u00e2ques (qui est le plus connu et pratiqu\u00e9 par les chr\u00e9tiens de notre pays)<\/li>\n<li>Le je\u00fbne des ap\u00f4tres (commence huit jours apr\u00e8s la Pentec\u00f4te et se termine avec la f\u00eate des ap\u00f4tres Pierre et Paul le 29 juin).<\/li>\n<li>Je\u00fbne de Notre-Dame (du 1er au 15 ao\u00fbt).<\/li>\n<li>Je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl (40 jours, se terminant par No\u00ebl).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>L&#039;histoire du je\u00fbne :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>La date de la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de la naissance corporelle du Seigneur, dans certaines \u00e9glises orientales, remonte \u00e0 la fin du IIe si\u00e8cle, selon ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9 dans certains textes par saint Cl\u00e9ment d&#039;Alexandrie, le premier \u00e0 mentionner cette f\u00eate. Cette c\u00e9l\u00e9bration avait lieu le jour de la f\u00eate de l&#039;Epiphanie, le 6 janvier. Cela a continu\u00e9 jusqu&#039;au quatri\u00e8me si\u00e8cle ; Et le Ve si\u00e8cle dans l&#039;\u00e9glise d&#039;Alexandrie. La c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de ces deux f\u00eates le m\u00eame jour \u00e9tait bas\u00e9e sur ce qui est dit dans l&#039;\u00c9vangile de Luc 3\u00a0:23, imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s le bapt\u00eame de J\u00e9sus par Jean au Jourdain : \u00ab Et quand J\u00e9sus commen\u00e7a, il avait environ trente ans. \u00bb \u00c0 partir de l\u00e0, on supposait que J\u00e9sus avait \u00e9t\u00e9 baptis\u00e9 par Jean le m\u00eame jour o\u00f9 il \u00e9tait n\u00e9 physiquement trente ans plus t\u00f4t. Quant \u00e0 l&#039;\u00c9glise de Rome, elle c\u00e9l\u00e9brait la naissance physique du Seigneur, mais le 25 d\u00e9cembre. Le plus ancien t\u00e9moignage de la pratique de l&#039;\u00c9glise de Rome remonte \u00e0 l&#039;an 336.<\/p>\n<p>Le IVe si\u00e8cle voit l&#039;adoption de l&#039;histoire occidentale de No\u00ebl en Orient, et cela se fait notamment \u00e0 Antioche \u00e0 l&#039;initiative de saint Jean Chrysostome. Cette date est \u00e9galement entr\u00e9e en Cappadoce au temps de saint Basile le Grand (+379), \u00e0 Constantinople au temps de saint Gr\u00e9goire le Th\u00e9ologien (379-385) et \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem en l&#039;an 431. Il semble que les deux premi\u00e8res dates de No\u00ebl en l&#039;Orient et l&#039;Occident \u00e9taient li\u00e9s aux f\u00eates pa\u00efennes. En Occident, le 25 d\u00e9cembre tombait le jour de l&#039;anniversaire pa\u00efen du soleil. En Orient, le 6 janvier tombait le jour de l&#039;anniversaire vierge du dieu Dionysos. Le choix de ces deux jours avait pour but de lutter contre l&#039;influence pa\u00efenne sur les croyants chr\u00e9tiens, en particulier les pratiques qui accompagnaient les f\u00eates pa\u00efennes (telles que les f\u00eates, l&#039;ivresse et la prostitution).<\/p>\n<p>Au IVe si\u00e8cle, on retrouve une p\u00e9riode de pr\u00e9paration (je\u00fbne) de trois semaines pour la f\u00eate de l&#039;\u00c9piphanie, avec saint Hilarion, \u00e9v\u00eaque de Poitiers, puis au concile de Saragosse en Espagne. A Alexandrie, saint Th\u00e9ophile d&#039;Alexandrie \u00e9voque \u00e0 cette occasion un je\u00fbne d&#039;une journ\u00e9e, \u00e0 la fin du IVe si\u00e8cle. Cette p\u00e9riode s&#039;est \u00e9tendue jusqu&#039;\u00e0 atteindre quarante jours (semblable au Grand Car\u00eame) aux cinqui\u00e8me et sixi\u00e8me si\u00e8cles, et au cours de ces deux si\u00e8cles, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9e \u00e0 No\u00ebl. C&#039;est pourquoi il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement connu sous le nom de Je\u00fbne de Saint Philippe Ap\u00f4tre car il commen\u00e7ait le 15 novembre, c&#039;est-\u00e0-dire imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la f\u00eate de Saint Philippe (14 novembre). Dans certains endroits, les sermons des dimanches pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant No\u00ebl ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre consacr\u00e9s au th\u00e8me de la f\u00eate. Perpetius, \u00e9v\u00eaque de Tours en France (461-490), mentionne un je\u00fbne qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de No\u00ebl et commence le 11 novembre. Cette pratique fut transf\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 d&#039;autres \u00e9glises franques lors d&#039;un concile tenu en 581.<\/p>\n<p>Cette pratique (je\u00fbne et pr\u00e9paration) reste locale et non standardis\u00e9e, mais elle se r\u00e9pand surtout dans les cercles monastiques des monast\u00e8res de Syrie et de Palestine au cours du VIe si\u00e8cle. Durant cette p\u00e9riode, nous constatons de grandes divergences quant \u00e0 l\u2019adoption du je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl par les diff\u00e9rents membres de l\u2019\u00c9glise. Cependant, l&#039;\u00c9glise voyait dans ce je\u00fbne un grand b\u00e9n\u00e9fice spirituel et un dessein divin inspir\u00e9 par le Saint-Esprit (Saint Jean de Damas), c&#039;est pourquoi elle essaya de le diffuser \u00e0 tous ses membres. Dans ce contexte, le je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl n&#039;\u00e9tait pas aussi strict que le Grand Je\u00fbne. D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but, par exemple, les moines qui travaillaient \u00e0 l&#039;ext\u00e9rieur du b\u00e2timent du monast\u00e8re \u00e9taient autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 prendre deux repas par jour (midi et soir), et non un seul. repas. Il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement permis de manger du poisson sauf les mercredis et vendredis (je\u00fbne... Au d\u00e9but, elle suivait un r\u00e9gime d&#039;un seul repas par jour le soir, s&#039;abstenant des animaux et de leurs produits. La pratique actuelle autorise trois repas pour quiconque le souhaite.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>L\u2019importance du je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ce je\u00fbne est obligatoire pour ceux qui sont conscients de leur engagement et sont physiquement capables de le pratiquer. L&#039;acceptation du je\u00fbne, dans le christianisme, n&#039;est pas discr\u00e9tionnaire. Cela nous fait prendre conscience de l&#039;importance de notre lien avec les justes qui nous ont pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s et leur justice, et cela nous donne \u00e9galement l&#039;exp\u00e9rience qu&#039;ensemble, nous sommes pauvres devant Dieu et attir\u00e9s par sa glorieuse naissance, qui, nous l&#039;esp\u00e9rons, se produira dans notre c\u0153urs.<\/p>\n<p>En plus de quelques jours s\u00e9par\u00e9s pendant lesquels nous nous abstenons de manger du safran (viande et \u0153ufs), qui sont le mercredi et le vendredi de chaque semaine (sauf les deux semaines qui suivent P\u00e2ques et la Pentec\u00f4te, et entre No\u00ebl et le Paramon de l&#039;Apparition Divine, et la semaine qui suit le dimanche du Pharisien et du Publicain), la f\u00eate de l&#039;Exaltation de la Sainte Croix (14 septembre), l&#039;anniversaire de la d\u00e9capitation de Jean-Baptiste (29 ao\u00fbt). C\u2019est comme si l\u2019ensemble de ces je\u00fbnes indiquait la nature de l\u2019\u00c9glise orthodoxe, qui regarde l\u2019homme dans sa totalit\u00e9, son \u00e2me et son corps, je\u00fbne dans et autour du monde et t\u00e9moigne du Royaume de Dieu, qui n\u2019est pas \u00ab nourriture et nourriture \u00bb. buvez \u00bb et sa saintet\u00e9 maintenant et ici.<\/p>\n<p>Il y a peu de chr\u00e9tiens aujourd\u2019hui qui acceptent le je\u00fbne comme mode de vie. C\u2019est l\u2019un des nombreux probl\u00e8mes dans lesquels personne ne peut \u00eatre exon\u00e9r\u00e9 s\u2019il tombe et dont la justification est, dans la plupart des cas, une preuve de froideur dans l\u2019engagement ou d\u2019une grande ali\u00e9nation. La premi\u00e8re chose qui nous frappe dans le Sermon sur la Montagne (Matthieu, chapitres 5, 6, 7) est l&#039;enseignement cibl\u00e9 du Seigneur et l&#039;avertissement \u00e0 la jeune \u00c9glise contre la chute dans l&#039;idol\u00e2trie repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par l&#039;amour de l&#039;argent, de la nourriture et des v\u00eatements, qui a pos\u00e9 la condition pour suivre le Christ d&#039;abandonner \u00ab tout \u00bb dans cette affaire, le monde, et le Fils de l&#039;homme \u00ab n&#039;a pas d&#039;endroit o\u00f9 reposer sa t\u00eate \u00bb, donc celui qui veut \u00eatre avec le Christ choisit le Christ et sa volont\u00e9 pour toute sa vie. .<\/p>\n<p>Certaines personnes acceptent de je\u00fbner la P\u00e2que, ou une partie de celle-ci, parce qu&#039;elle leur rappelle le Seigneur qui a souffert et est mort, et ils je\u00fbnent parce qu&#039;ils veulent exprimer, \u00e0 travers la faim - qui est une image de la mort - leur participation \u00e0 cette souffrance, et c&#039;est peut-\u00eatre la raison pour laquelle ils ignorent compl\u00e8tement les autres je\u00fbnes. Tr\u00e8s probablement, ils pensent que cela n&#039;est pas li\u00e9 \u00e0 cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement. Si nous laissons de c\u00f4t\u00e9 les purs, nous pouvons dire - sans condamner personne - que les gens, pour \u00e9viter les piq\u00fbres de conscience, adh\u00e8rent \u00e0 un ou plusieurs jours du je\u00fbne. Oui, beaucoup de gens je\u00fbnent par d\u00e9sir de douleur, mais le je\u00fbne est joie et libert\u00e9. C&#039;est de la joie si vous \u00eates capables de l&#039;accepter comme une promotion aupr\u00e8s du P\u00e8re ou comme une \u00ab solitude \u00bb, comme le dit le Seigneur dans le Sermon sur la montagne : \u00ab Mais quand vous je\u00fbnez... vous n&#039;apparaissez pas aux hommes comme des je\u00fbneurs. , mais \u00e0 votre P\u00e8re qui est dans le secret \u00bb (Matthieu 6\u00a0:\u00a017 et 18). Dans ce secret, le Seigneur vous voit \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de Lui. Vous montez ou Il descend. Il n&#039;y a aucune diff\u00e9rence. Sa pr\u00e9sence avec vous n&#039;est que joie. Le je\u00fbne est libert\u00e9, car il lib\u00e8re ceux qui l&#039;acceptent des convoitises de la chair. Remarquons que celui qui je\u00fbne n&#039;est pas l&#039;esclave du corps, mais plut\u00f4t celui qui est encha\u00een\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sir de nourriture est l&#039;esclave. Le je\u00fbneur est libre et libre, s&#039;\u00e9levant au-dessus de ce qui est terrestre, non par haine pour. mais par amour et ob\u00e9issance au commandement. C\u2019est exactement ce que notre litt\u00e9rature asc\u00e9tique cherchait \u00e0 dire lorsqu\u2019elle d\u00e9crivait la pri\u00e8re et le je\u00fbne comme les deux ailes qui aident le croyant \u00e0 s\u2019envoler et \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9lever vers Dieu.<\/p>\n<p>Il y a peut-\u00eatre quelqu&#039;un qui dit que le but du je\u00fbne est les vacances qui y mettent fin. Cette opinion peut \u00eatre - si l&#039;on prend en compte les raisons historiques qui ont conduit \u00e0 l&#039;association du je\u00fbne avec les vacances - avec une part de v\u00e9rit\u00e9. le but, sans aucun doute, qui unit tous les je\u00fbnes, qui est le d\u00e9sir de s&#039;unir \u00e0 Dieu. C&#039;est pour cette raison que notre grand saint Jean Chrysostome a appel\u00e9 au je\u00fbne apr\u00e8s la fin du je\u00fbne, car m\u00eame si le je\u00fbne se termine par l&#039;une des f\u00eates, notre t\u00e9moignage envers Dieu, son amour et notre position dans le monde sont constants et ne se terminent ni changement.<\/p>\n<p>Le je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl - par exemple - n&#039;a pas de sens avec No\u00ebl, car tous les combats spirituels entrepris par le vrai croyant se terminent quand il n&#039;y a plus rien \u00e0 attendre, c&#039;est-\u00e0-dire quand Dieu devient \u00ab tout en tout \u00bb, et c&#039;est parce que La venue de Dieu dans le monde n&#039;est pas un \u00e9v\u00e9nement qui se produit de temps en temps. Le Seigneur est venu et Il est celui qui vient. C&#039;est la particularit\u00e9 du christianisme en ce sens qu&#039;il nous \u00e9tablit de temps en temps en communion avec Dieu, et d&#039;autre part, il nous met dans un \u00e9tat d&#039;attente continue jusqu&#039;\u00e0 ce que tout se r\u00e9tablisse. achev\u00e9 dans l\u2019\u00e9ternit\u00e9 que nous esp\u00e9rons. Cela signifie que notre satisfaction de la pr\u00e9sence du Seigneur ne s&#039;exprime pas seulement pendant les quarante jours que nous passons sous une forme spirituelle particuli\u00e8re qui se termine par la f\u00eate, mais en attendant le Seigneur dans sa venue finale, nous d\u00e9clarons - dans le Je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl - que nous saluons toujours sa glorieuse naissance et sa venue. Comment pouvons-nous d\u00e9clarer que nous d\u00e9sirons que le royaume final de Dieu vienne si nous ne l\u2019acceptons pas lui-m\u00eame et ne nous pr\u00e9parons pas \u00e0 commencer sa proclamation ?<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, le Seigneur qui \u00ab vient comme un voleur \u00e0 la veille de notre vie et vient comme un vainqueur et un juge au dernier jour se tient lui-m\u00eame aux portes de nos c\u0153urs, comme le dit Jean le bien-aim\u00e9 dans sa vision : \u00ab Voici, je restez \u00e0 la porte et frappez. Si quelqu\u2019un entend ma voix et ouvre la porte, j\u2019entrerai chez lui et je souperai avec lui, et lui avec moi \u00bb (3\u00a0:20) ; Ces derni\u00e8res paroles nous r\u00e9v\u00e8lent un d\u00e9sir constant et immuable du Seigneur qu\u2019il soit avec nous et que nous lui appartenions. Seul le Saint-Esprit nous donne la capacit\u00e9 de ressentir ce d\u00e9sir divin lors de s\u00e9ances intimes. Le je\u00fbne de No\u00ebl est l\u2019une de ces s\u00e9ances au cours desquelles nous pouvons compl\u00e9ter notre jeunesse jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la pr\u00e9sence \u00e9ternelle et finale de Dieu.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Adapt\u00e9 de mon bulletin paroissial<br \/> Dimanche 25 novembre 2001, num\u00e9ro 47<br \/> Dimanche 17 novembre 1996, num\u00e9ro 46<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627) \u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 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