{"id":510,"date":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","date_gmt":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/biblical-studies\/biblical-general-studies\/history-of-new-testament-canon\/"},"modified":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","modified_gmt":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","slug":"history-of-new-testament-canon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/fr\/biblical-studies\/biblical-general-studies\/history-of-new-testament-canon\/","title":{"rendered":"Histoire du Canon du Nouveau Testament"},"content":{"rendered":"

l'introduction<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Les paroles du Christ sont lumi\u00e8re et vie, une lumi\u00e8re pour notre esprit qui brille sur nous qui sommes assis dans les t\u00e9n\u00e8bres et l'ombre de la mort. C'est la vie pour nos c\u0153urs fatigu\u00e9s des t\u00e2ches de ce monde et assoiff\u00e9s de vie et d'amour. De nombreux livres beaux, pr\u00e9cieux et riches en id\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s et le sont chaque jour. Mais le livre de vie en est un. De Lui vient la source de la vie immortelle \u00e9manant du c\u0153ur de chaque croyant. La fid\u00e8le \u00ab Sainte Bible \u00bb. Il est donc imp\u00e9ratif que le Nouveau Testament et l\u2019\u00c9glise accordent tout l\u2019honneur au livre. Il existe de nombreuses fa\u00e7ons de lui rendre hommage. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9glise, nous faisons le tour du livre, le br\u00fblons, l\u2019encensons, l\u2019embrassons et le regardons. La Bible est au centre de la table du temple au sein de nos \u00e9glises.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Et tout cela est tout honneur car, \u00e0 nos yeux, c\u2019est sacr\u00e9 et inspir\u00e9, selon les paroles de l\u2019ap\u00f4tre Paul : \u00ab L\u2019\u00c9criture est inspir\u00e9e de Dieu et est utile pour enseigner\u2026 \u00bb (2 Timoth\u00e9e 3\u00a0:16). ). Nous croyons que la Bible est sacr\u00e9e parce que c\u2019est le Saint-Esprit qui a inspir\u00e9 ceux qui l\u2019ont \u00e9crite et qui, par sa sainte onction, inspirera \u00e9galement ceux qui la lisent et l\u2019interpr\u00e8tent.<\/p>\n

Les saints P\u00e8res \u00e9taient les meilleurs gardiens du mandat apostolique, car lorsque les livres devenaient nombreux et divers, ils d\u00e9finissaient les livres dits canoniques, qui sont les livres que l'\u00c9glise acceptait parce qu'ils \u00e9taient inspir\u00e9s par Dieu. Ce processus a suivi des \u00e9tapes historiques de d\u00e9veloppement qui se sont \u00e9tendues au cours des quatre premiers si\u00e8cles du christianisme. Des recherches ult\u00e9rieures suivent ces \u00e9tapes historiques dans la formation du canon des livres du Nouveau Testament, en s'appuyant sur ce que j'ai pu obtenir de la traduction dans le livre du professeur John Krafidopoulos (Introduction au Nouveau Testament). Puisant l'aide indispensable des P\u00e8res de l'Attente - nos livres parlants - pour que je puisse pr\u00e9senter une modeste recherche en vue d'obtenir l'adh\u00e9sion aux \u00e9coles du dimanche orthodoxes.<\/p>\n

L\u2019Ancien Testament comme \u00ab livre \u00bb pour l\u2019\u00c9glise primitive :<\/p>\n

Avant de voir les \u00e9tapes qui ont suivi les proc\u00e9dures pour compiler les \u00ab 27 livres \u00bb du Nouveau Testament en un seul corps et le faire conna\u00eetre \u00e0 l'\u00c9glise comme un \u00ab livre saint \u00bb, c'est-\u00e0-dire l'histoire du canon du Nouveau Testament, nous Il faut d'abord r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question suivante : quel livre \u00e9tait l'\u00e9glise primitive ?<\/p>\n

Dans les livres du Nouveau Testament, nous rencontrons habituellement les expressions : \u00ab Les \u00c9critures, dit l'\u00c9criture, qui est \u00e9crite selon les \u00c9critures... etc. \u00bb Et autant le Christ lui-m\u00eame mentionne ces expressions, autant le livre de l\u2019\u00c9glise primitive, qui est l\u2019Ancien Testament, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 \u00ab La Loi et les Proph\u00e8tes \u00bb. Le Christ montre sa vision de l\u2019Ancien Testament comme une vision et une planification pr\u00e9alable de toute sa vie, son \u0153uvre, sa mort et sa r\u00e9surrection, et bien s\u00fbr, il r\u00e9sume son message concernant l\u2019Ancien Testament avec sa d\u00e9claration dans le Sermon sur la Montagne : \u00ab Ne pensez pas que je sois venu pour abolir la Loi ou les Proph\u00e8tes. Je ne suis pas venu pour abolir mais pour accomplir \u00bb (Matthieu 5\u00a0:\u00a017). Les ap\u00f4tres fond\u00e8rent ensuite leur pr\u00e9dication sur l'Ancien Testament, d\u00e9clarant partout la foi que dans la personne de J\u00e9sus-Christ toutes les proph\u00e9ties s'accomplissaient. De m\u00eame, les p\u00e8res et les hymnes de l'\u00c9glise interpr\u00e9taient l'Ancien Testament avec des concepts christologiques.<\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9buts du Nouveau Testament comme \u00ab livre \u00bb :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tout comme la Parole du Seigneur a pris forme \u00e9crite dans les quatre \u00c9vangiles, elle a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 prononc\u00e9e oralement en parall\u00e8le comme une \u00ab tradition \u00bb, et cette parole a pris une position de certitude et de validit\u00e9 principalement dans la conscience des chr\u00e9tiens.<\/p>\n

L'ap\u00f4tre Paul appuie toujours ses d\u00e9clarations dans ses lettres par la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et la puissance des paroles du Seigneur : \u00ab Car nous vous annon\u00e7ons ces choses par la parole du Seigneur \u00bb (Thessaloniciens 4\u00a0:15), \u00ab Je vous commande, non pas moi, mais le Seigneur \u00bb (Colossiens 7\u00a0:\u00a010), \u00ab Ceci est le commandement du Seigneur, que ceux qui proclament l'\u00c9vangile vivent l'\u00c9vangile \u00bb (Colossiens 9\u00a0:14), \u00ab Car j'ai re\u00e7u du Seigneur ce que je vous ai livr\u00e9 \u00bb ( 1 Corinthiens 11\u00a0:23), \u00ab En toutes choses, je vous ai montr\u00e9 qu'il fallait travailler ainsi et travailler plut\u00f4t que les faibles, en vous souvenant des paroles du Seigneur J\u00e9sus \u00bb (Actes 20\u00a0:35) .<\/p>\n

A l'instar des ap\u00f4tres, les p\u00e8res apostoliques consid\u00e9raient l'Ancien Testament et les paroles du Seigneur comme des v\u00e9rit\u00e9s qu'eux seuls poss\u00e9daient. On peut en d\u00e9duire qu'au d\u00e9but, la tradition vivante de l'\u00c9glise a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le primordial dans la diffusion de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne.<\/p>\n

Papias, \u00e9v\u00eaque de I\u00e9rapolis Phrygie, au d\u00e9but du IIe si\u00e8cle, bien qu'il connaisse les \u00c9vangiles \u00e9crits, s'appuyait davantage sur la tradition vivante que sur eux, comme en t\u00e9moigne le passage suivant, qui nous donne des d\u00e9tails pr\u00e9cis : \u00ab Mais moi aussi n'h\u00e9sitez pas \u00e0 vous pr\u00e9senter mon interpr\u00e9tation. \u00bb Tout ce que j'ai soigneusement appris des cheikhs (1)<\/a> \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647………. \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u00bb (2)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Les livres qui composent le Nouveau Testament \u00e9taient la partie \u00e9crite de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne transmise oralement, mais m\u00eame ces livres n'\u00e9taient pas connus \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque comme \u00c9criture Sainte, mais ils \u00e9taient accept\u00e9s dans la conscience des chr\u00e9tiens, en raison de leur source apostolique et de leur en harmonie avec la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 que l'\u00c9glise poss\u00e9dait comme tradition vivante \u00ab d\u00e8s le commencement, t\u00e9moins oculaires et serviteurs \u00bb (Luc 1\u00a0:\u00a02).<\/p>\n

Les premiers groupes de livres du Nouveau Testament :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s tout ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment \u00e0 propos des citations du Seigneur par les P\u00e8res apostoliques, la question se pose pour nous de savoir s'il est possible d'avoir au sein de l'\u00c9glise des recueils \u00e9crits plus sp\u00e9cifiques des livres du Nouveau Testament. Quand sont n\u00e9es ces premi\u00e8res collections ?<\/p>\n

Nous avons des t\u00e9moignages clairs d'une premi\u00e8re collecte en l'an 140 apr\u00e8s JC par Marcio N. l'Ath\u00e9e \u00e0 Rome.<\/p>\n

Il s'agit du fils d'un \u00e9v\u00eaque de SINWPH TOU POUNTOU qui s'est r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 \u00e0 Rome et a fond\u00e9 sa propre \u00e9glise et a \u00e9crit un canon compos\u00e9 de l'\u00c9vangile et de l'\u00c9p\u00eetre. Ce canon contient l'\u00c9vangile de Luc (qui fut un participant et un compagnon de l'\u00c9vangile). L'ap\u00f4tre Paul avait donc des enseignements pauliniens) et dix lettres de Paul dans l'ordre.<\/p>\n

(Gal, 1+2 Cor, Rom, 1+2 Thessaloniciens, Laodic\u00e9ens - c'est ainsi qu'il appelait Eph\u00e8se -, Co, Phil, Vi) De l'\u00c9vangile de Luc, Marcion a d\u00e9coup\u00e9 ce qui n'\u00e9tait pas conforme \u00e0 son enseignement.<\/p>\n

Mais Marcion a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier \u00e0 contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de rassembler les livres du Nouveau Testament en un seul corps ? Il existe des indications sp\u00e9cifiques qui sugg\u00e8rent qu'avant Marcion il y avait eu un recueil des \u00e9p\u00eetres de l'ap\u00f4tre Paul, qui sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n

- La Deuxi\u00e8me \u00c9p\u00eetre universelle de Pierre - \u00e0 partir des textes m\u00eames du Nouveau Testament - dans la mesure o\u00f9 il \u00e9crit \u00e0 propos de l'Ap\u00f4tre Paul, \u00ab tout comme notre fr\u00e8re bien-aim\u00e9 Paul nous l'a aussi \u00e9crit selon la parole qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e, comme dans toutes les lettres , parlant de ces questions \u00bb (2 Pierre 3\u00a0:\u00a015-16). On peut supposer que les lecteurs chr\u00e9tiens auraient connu ces lettres ainsi regroup\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

- De m\u00eame, Ignace d'Antioche (3)<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u00bb \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639 \u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633 “12: 2″\u060c “18: 1-1″\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 “5: 1″\u060c “9: 1″\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 “1: 1″\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 “1: 1″…\u0625\u0644\u062e).<\/p>\n

-Polycarpe aussi (4)<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 (1: 3)\u060c (3: 3)\u060c (4: 1)\u060c (5: 3)\u060c (6: 2)\u060c (12: 1) \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (4: 26).<\/p>\n

\u2013 Justinus (5)<\/a> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 (\u0631\u0648\u060c 1\u0643\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0648\u060c 2\u062a\u0633\u060c \u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628).<\/p>\n

Sur la base des preuves pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, nous pouvons dire qu\u2019une collection de lettres de saint Paul a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e en un seul corps \u00e0 la fin du premier si\u00e8cle et au d\u00e9but du deuxi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle et que le lieu o\u00f9 les lettres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 collect\u00e9es pourrait \u00eatre. Corinthe (6)<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633 (7)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Peut-on en dire autant des quatre \u00c9vangiles ?<\/p>\n

- Avant le milieu du IIe si\u00e8cle, les \u00c9vangiles n'\u00e9taient pas reconnus comme livre saint. Dans les textes des P\u00e8res apostoliques, on remarque tr\u00e8s peu de paroles du Seigneur pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme des livres saints.<\/p>\n

Bien s\u00fbr, on y retrouve le mot (\u00c9vangile d'Euaggelio) au singulier, mais ce terme ne fait pas r\u00e9f\u00e9rence au ou aux livres qu'il contient, mais plut\u00f4t \u00e0 la pr\u00e9dication de l'\u00c9glise sur le Christ.<\/p>\n

Au milieu du IIe si\u00e8cle, Justin mentionne le mot (\u00c9vangile d'Euaggelio) au pluriel, qu'il qualifie de \u00ab m\u00e9moires des ap\u00f4tres \u00bb. Il nous raconte qu'ils \u00e9taient lus dans les r\u00e9unions de culte chr\u00e9tiens avec les \u00e9crits des proph\u00e8tes. \u00ab Les ap\u00f4tres ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 des m\u00e9moires qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9s les \u00c9vangiles. \u00bb<\/p>\n

- Ainsi, dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du IIe si\u00e8cle, il est possible de parler d'un recueil contenant les quatre \u00c9vangiles, comme cela appara\u00eetra plus loin gr\u00e2ce aux informations que nous avons re\u00e7ues d'Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e. (8)<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061f……… \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

La fin du IIe si\u00e8cle, une \u00e9tape importante dans l\u2019histoire du droit :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

La p\u00e9riode du milieu et de la fin du IIe si\u00e8cle fut d\u00e9cisive, comme le mentionne \u00c9ph\u00e8se. (9)<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb (10)<\/a> \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (11)<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 192\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0630\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 ” \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00bb (12)<\/a> \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

A la fin du IIe si\u00e8cle, Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e, \u00e9v\u00eaque de Loghonno (aujourd'hui Lyon), utilise les livres du Nouveau Testament dans sa lutte contre les Gnostiques. (13)<\/a> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 ) 1075 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 (\u0641\u0644\u060c 2 \u0628\u0637\u060c 3 \u064a\u0648\u060c \u064a\u0647 ) \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 ( 9-8\u060c 11 )\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 ( 1\u0628\u0637\u060c 1+2 \u064a\u0648) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

A la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, Cl\u00e9ment et Saint d'Alexandrie sont mentionn\u00e9s (14)<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 (15)<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c 1 + 2 \u064a\u0648\u060c \u064a\u0647)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 (93\u060c 13 ).<\/p>\n

Loi de Muratori :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

En 1740, un moine nomm\u00e9 Muratori trouva un texte important sur l'\u00e9tat du droit au IIe si\u00e8cle. Il s'agit d'extraits d'un manuscrit de la biblioth\u00e8que Ambrosiani de Milan. Cette loi \u00e9tait connue sous le nom de \u00ab Code Muratori \u00bb. Le texte remonte \u00e0 environ l'an 200 apr\u00e8s J.-C. Il a tr\u00e8s probablement \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crit dans l'\u00e9glise de Rome. Ce texte exprime les id\u00e9es d'une \u00e9glise dans son ensemble, et non les id\u00e9es d'une personne individuelle. Ce canon mentionne 23 livres du Nouveau Testament avec de br\u00e8ves informations (entr\u00e9es). Son latin est difficile \u00e0 comprendre, ce qui laisse supposer qu\u2019il est mal traduit du grec original.<\/p>\n

Les livres stipul\u00e9s et \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9s dans le Code Muratori sont : les 4 \u00c9vangiles, dont il est mentionn\u00e9 que le Quatri\u00e8me \u00c9vangile est venu du disciple du Christ Jean, les Actes des Ap\u00f4tres qui sont venus de l'\u00e9vang\u00e9liste Luc, les treize lettres de Paul avec l'introduction \u00e0 la Premi\u00e8re \u00c9p\u00eetre aux Corinthiens (1 + 2 Corinthiens, Eph. Col, Gal, 1 + 2 Thessaloniciens, Rom, Phil, Ti, 1 + 2 Ti), notant que tout comme Jean l'a \u00e9crit aux sept \u00e9glises (Apocalypse 2- 3), de m\u00eame Paul a \u00e9crit \u00e0 Corinthe, aux \u00c9ph\u00e9siens, aux Philippiens, aux Colossiens, aux Galates, aux Thessaloniciens et aux Romains aussi \u00e0 Phil\u00e9mon et \u00e0 Timoth\u00e9e et aux 3 \u00e9p\u00eetres eccl\u00e9siastiques (1 + 2 Jean, Juda), l'Apocalypse de Jean et l'Apocalypse de Pierre, et la seconde est indiqu\u00e9e parce que beaucoup ne voulaient pas qu'elle soit lue dans l'\u00e9glise. L'\u00e9p\u00eetre aux H\u00e9breux est absente et, jusqu'\u00e0 la fin du IVe si\u00e8cle, elle ne figurait pas parmi les livres canoniques en Occident. L'absence de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9p\u00eetre de Pierre dans le canon est \u00e9galement inexpliqu\u00e9e, bien qu'elle ait \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme canonique par Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e de Tertullien. (16)<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n

Nous pouvons dire bri\u00e8vement qu'\u00e0 la fin du IIe si\u00e8cle, la plupart des 27 livres du Nouveau Testament sont devenus canoniques, \u00e0 savoir : les quatre \u00c9vangiles, les Actes et les 13 \u00e9p\u00eetres de l'ap\u00f4tre Paul (\u00e0 l'exception de l'\u00e9p\u00eetre au H\u00e9breux par certains auteurs). Parmi les \u00e9p\u00eetres qui sont clairement compl\u00e8tes, seules la Premi\u00e8re \u00c9p\u00eetre de Pierre et l'\u00c9p\u00eetre Premier Jean et enfin l'Apocalypse de Jean.<\/p>\n

Discussions de livres de droit sp\u00e9cifiques au troisi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Au IIIe si\u00e8cle, il n'y avait pas de discussions sur la canonicit\u00e9 des Quatre \u00c9vangiles, des Actes, des 13 \u00c9p\u00eetres de saint Paul et des Grandes \u00c9p\u00eetres, c'est-\u00e0-dire des livres impos\u00e9s comme livres sacr\u00e9s depuis la fin du si\u00e8cle pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. .<\/p>\n

Cependant, des diff\u00e9rences entre les dispositions des \u00e9glises locales sont not\u00e9es dans les \u00e9p\u00eetres catholiques mineures (2 Pierre, 3 + 2 Jean, Juda), ainsi que dans l'\u00c9p\u00eetre aux H\u00e9breux (principalement rejet\u00e9e en Occident) et l'Apocalypse (principalement rejet\u00e9e en Occident). dans l'est).<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tat du droit au d\u00e9but du IIIe si\u00e8cle trouve un \u00e9cho dans les \u0153uvres d\u2019Orig\u00e8ne. (17)<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 ) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0642\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u00bb (18)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dans la premi\u00e8re cat\u00e9gorie : les quatre \u00c9vangiles, les 13 \u00e9p\u00eetres de saint Paul et l'\u00e9p\u00eetre aux H\u00e9breux (qui suscite des doutes de la part de certaines \u00e9glises, uniquement quant \u00e0 son attribution \u00e0 l'ap\u00f4tre Paul), les Actes, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9p\u00eetre de Pierre, la premi\u00e8re \u00c9p\u00eetre de Jean et la Vision.<\/p>\n

Dans la deuxi\u00e8me cat\u00e9gorie : qui est appel\u00e9e (douteuse) parce que les \u00e9glises n'\u00e9taient pas d'accord l\u00e0-dessus \u00e0 l'unanimit\u00e9, c'est-\u00e0-dire la deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9p\u00eetre de Pierre, la deuxi\u00e8me et la troisi\u00e8me \u00e9p\u00eetre de Jean, l'\u00e9p\u00eetre de Jacques et l'\u00e9p\u00eetre de Jude.<\/p>\n

Orig\u00e8ne utilise \u00e9galement plusieurs autres \u00e9crits \u00e0 plusieurs reprises comme s'ils \u00e9taient tr\u00e8s originaux, mais il ne les consid\u00e8re pas comme canoniques ou inspir\u00e9s. Ces ouvrages sont : Le Berger d'Hermas, La Premi\u00e8re \u00c9p\u00eetre de Cl\u00e9ment, Les Actes de Paul, L'\u00c9p\u00eetre de Barnabas, L'Enseignement des Ap\u00f4tres.<\/p>\n

Enfin, certains d'entre eux sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme faux, ce sont les \u00c9vangiles h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques, comme l'\u00c9vangile de Thomas, Vasilidis, Matthias et des Douze, qui selon les \u00c9gyptiens.<\/p>\n

Au milieu du troisi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, Denys, \u00e9l\u00e8ve d'Orig\u00e8ne, responsable de l'\u00e9cole d'\u00e9ducation d'Alexandrie et plus tard \u00e9v\u00eaque d'Alexandrie, dans sa lutte contre l'\u00e9v\u00eaque Arsenius Nepota, propri\u00e9taire de l'h\u00e9r\u00e9sie du mill\u00e9naire. (19)<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 ) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 ) \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

Cependant, ces id\u00e9es ne nous am\u00e8nent pas \u00e0 rejeter la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de ce livre, alors que d'autres \u00e9tudiants d'Orig\u00e8ne et aussi de l'\u00c9cole d'Antioche, fond\u00e9e par Lucien (20)<\/a> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

 En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, l\u2019Orient s\u2019est montr\u00e9 tr\u00e8s conservateur \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du Livre de l\u2019Apocalypse. Ce qui se refl\u00e8te dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 liturgique, c'est que l'\u00c9glise n'a pas pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 les lectures de ce livre dans la liturgie. De plus, environ 2\/3 des manuscrits du Nouveau Testament ne contiennent pas ce livre.<\/p>\n

Formulation d\u00e9finitive du droit au IVe si\u00e8cle :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

- Eph\u00e8se est arriv\u00e9e vers l'an 325 apr\u00e8s JC, environ un si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s Orig\u00e8ne, dans son histoire eccl\u00e9siastique, en distinguant les groupes de livres suivants. (21)<\/a> :<\/p>\n

 - Les livres reconnus : Il mentionne successivement les quatre saints \u00c9vangiles, les Actes des Ap\u00f4tres, les \u00c9p\u00eetres de saint Paul (sans distinguer l'\u00c9p\u00eetre aux H\u00e9breux), la Premi\u00e8re \u00c9p\u00eetre de Jean, la Premi\u00e8re \u00c9p\u00eetre de Pierre, et classe \u00e9galement la vision avec eux. Mais il souligne des opinions oppos\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

B - Livres m\u00e9connus : \u00c9p\u00eetres connues de beaucoup, Jacques, Jude, 2 Pierre, 2 Jean et 3.<\/p>\n

C - Livres non canoniques : Actes de Paul, le Pasteur d'Hermas, l'Apocalypse de Pierre, l'\u00c9p\u00eetre de Barnabas, l'Enseignement des Douze, l'\u00c9vangile des H\u00e9breux, l'Apocalypse de Jean.<\/p>\n

D - Livres h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques : L'\u00c9vangile de Pierre, l'\u00c9vangile de Thomas, l'\u00c9vangile de Metas et autres, les Actes d'Andr\u00e9 et de Jean et d'autres ap\u00f4tres.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Le trente-neuvi\u00e8me message festif de saint Athanase (22)<\/a> \u0633\u0646\u0629 367\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0647\u0648\u0630\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

Il est \u00e0 noter que Saint Athanase le Grand fut le premier \u00e0 utiliser le terme \u00ab canon \u00bb pour d\u00e9signer la collection de livres de la Bible. Le mot \u00ab\u00a0loi\u00a0\u00bb dans le pass\u00e9 signifie une r\u00e8gle ou le niveau de l'architecture, et au sens figur\u00e9, il signifie la norme selon laquelle nous comparons d'autres choses. De plus, cela signifie une liste ou une liste, et dans ce sens, il est utilis\u00e9 dans math\u00e9matiques, astronomie et histoire.
Les livres mentionn\u00e9s dans la loi sont appel\u00e9s livres juridiques, tandis que le livre \u00ab Le Pasteur \u00bb d'Hermas est d\u00e9crit comme l'un des livres \u00ab qui n'appartiennent pas \u00e0 la loi \u00bb. Ainsi, les livres qui appartiennent au canon du livre sont appel\u00e9s \u00ab canoniques \u00bb, tandis que les autres livres sont appel\u00e9s \u00ab non canoniques \u00bb ou \u00ab modifi\u00e9s \u00bb.<\/p>\n

La loi du Nouveau Testament et l\u2019\u00c9glise\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064e\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

Le deuxi\u00e8me facteur \u00e0 prendre en consid\u00e9ration est la popularit\u00e9 des \u0153uvres apocryphes au IIe si\u00e8cle. Les chr\u00e9tiens se m\u00e9fiaient des enseignements h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques contenus dans certaines \u0153uvres apocryphes ou de leurs informations imaginaires inconsid\u00e9r\u00e9es, et c'\u00e9tait la principale pr\u00e9occupation des l'\u00e9glise.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, d\u2019une part, l\u2019\u00c9glise a d\u00fb affronter Marcion, qui r\u00e9duisait les livres principaux \u00e0 un \u00c9vangile et dix lettres, et d\u2019autre part, elle a d\u00fb affronter les diverses h\u00e9r\u00e9sies et mouvements gnostiques qui cr\u00e9aient de nombreux textes de faux \u00e9crits. . Il a \u00e9largi son canon contre Marcion en mettant en \u00e9vidence les quatre \u00c9vangiles et les lettres de Paul avec le reste des lettres du Nouveau Testament en plus de la vision, et contre les Gnostiques il a limit\u00e9 les textes apostoliques inspir\u00e9s par Dieu et les originaux qui constituent le texte final. canon du Nouveau Testament.<\/p>\n

Il faut donc souligner que l'\u00c9glise existait avant la loi et \u00e9tait guid\u00e9e par le Saint-Esprit, distinguant les livres inspir\u00e9s de ceux qui ne l'\u00e9taient pas. Il est possible que Marcion et les livres apocryphes des Gnostiques aient influenc\u00e9 la formation de la loi, mais aussi et fondamentalement l'\u00c9glise a voulu \u00e9tablir les fondements de ses principes historiques de foi dans la personne de J\u00e9sus-Christ pour sa vie liturgique et \u00e9vang\u00e9lique.<\/p>\n

En d\u00e9finissant la relation entre la Bible et l\u2019\u00c9glise, il convient de noter qu\u2019il ne serait pas correct de trop insister sur la souverainet\u00e9 de l\u2019une au d\u00e9triment de l\u2019autre. Bien s\u00fbr, l'\u00c9glise sans livre est comme un v\u00e9hicule sans roues. De m\u00eame, la Bible sans \u00e9glise est sans efficacit\u00e9 et sans interpr\u00e9tation. Si nous poss\u00e9dons la Bible, nous poss\u00e9dons l'\u00c9glise parce qu'elle l'a incluse et l'a interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e, condamnant les interpr\u00e9tations h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques. . Sans le don interpr\u00e9tatif du Saint-Esprit, qui \u00ab constitue une chose \u00e9tablie dans l\u2019\u00c9glise \u00bb, la Bible reste \u00ab scell\u00e9e de sept sceaux \u00bb (Apocalypse 1\u00a0:\u00a05).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\"Histoire<\/p>\n

Traduit par : Amer Khamis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n

(1)<\/a> \u06be\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n

(2)<\/a> \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c(3″39: 3-4).<\/p>\n

(3)<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 35\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 107 \u0648117\u0645.<\/p>\n

(4)<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

(5)<\/a> \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u06be\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a( 150 \u0645).<\/p>\n

(6)<\/a> \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

(7)<\/a> \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

(8)<\/a> \u06be\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u06be\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u06be\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

(9)<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 (264- 340\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0629.<\/p>\n

(10)<\/a> \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c ( 5\u064b 16: 3)<\/p>\n

(11)<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u0633\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u06be\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0651\u06be\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

(12)<\/a> \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c (4\u064b  26: 14).<\/p>\n

(13)<\/a> \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u06be\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06be\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n

(14)<\/a> \u06be\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u06be\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u06be\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 202\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0637\u06be\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u06be \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06be\u0627 \u0648 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639\u06be \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

(15)<\/a> \u0648\u0623\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629” \u0648 \u06be\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u06be\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

(16)<\/a> \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0646\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 106 \u2013 155\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u06be\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u06be\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06be\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06be\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u06be\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u06be \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u06be\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

(17)<\/a> \u06be\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06be \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u06be \u0641\u06be\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u060c (185- 250\u0645).<\/p>\n

(18)<\/a> \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c (6\u064b  25).<\/p>\n

(19)<\/a> \u06be\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0638\u06be\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d \u0633\u06cc\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u06cc\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0629 \u06cc\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0623\u06be\u0645\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u06cc\u0629 (20 : 4- 7).<\/p>\n

(20)<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06be \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627.<\/p>\n

(21)<\/a> \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c (3\u064b  25).<\/p>\n

(22)<\/a> \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 295 \u0645 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u062f\u06cc\u06be\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 373 \u0645.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":509,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"511,603,489,1911,1914,906,2824,1185,947,1258,996,1200","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629, \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f, \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/fr\/biblical-studies\/biblical-general-studies\/history-of-new-testament-canon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f - \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\":\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629, \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f, \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/fr\/biblical-studies\/biblical-general-studies\/history-of-new-testament-canon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/orthodoxonline\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2009-02-20T01:56:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2009\/02\/tarikh1.gif\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"361\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"123\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/gif\" \/>\n<meta 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