{"id":764,"date":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","date_gmt":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/orthodox-churches-history\/patriarchat-russia\/"},"modified":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","modified_gmt":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","slug":"patriarchat-russia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/fr\/church-history\/orthodox-churches-history\/patriarchat-russia\/","title":{"rendered":"Patriarcat de Russie"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c0 la demande et \u00e0 l'invitation du tsar Vladimir et de son \u00e9pouse Olga, des religieux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9s de Constantinople sur les rives du Dniepr, dans la ville de Kiev, en Ukraine. Ils ont baptis\u00e9 collectivement des milliers de Russes, dont le premier \u00e9tait le tsar. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Ainsi, l'\u00c9glise a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie en Russie, qui \u00e9tait initialement une m\u00e9tropole affili\u00e9e au Patriarcat de Constantinople jusqu'en 1589, qui a ensuite atteint le rang de patriarcat et occupe la cinqui\u00e8me place parmi les patriarcats orthodoxes apr\u00e8s le Patriarcat de J\u00e9rusalem, et le patriarche prit le titre de patriarche de Moscou et de toute la Russie. En 1700, apr\u00e8s la mort du patriarche de la dixi\u00e8me Russie : le tsar Pierre modifia le syst\u00e8me administratif eccl\u00e9siastique en Russie, passant d'un patriarcat \u00e0 un synode, c'est-\u00e0-dire les affaires de l'\u00c9glise, qui \u00e9taient g\u00e9r\u00e9es. par un conseil des \u00e9v\u00eaques (synode), sans patriarche. Le 18 novembre 1917, l'assembl\u00e9e des \u00e9v\u00eaques et des repr\u00e9sentants du clerg\u00e9 et du peuple a restaur\u00e9 le syst\u00e8me eccl\u00e9sial en un patriarcat, avec son si\u00e8ge \u00e0 Moscou, en \u00e9lisant le patriarche Tikhon, qui est devenu un saint et a patronn\u00e9 l'\u00e9glise jusqu'en 1925, apr\u00e8s lequel il fut emprisonn\u00e9 et martyris\u00e9. Il fut ensuite remplac\u00e9 par le patriarche Sergius du 8 septembre 1943 au 15 mai 1944, apr\u00e8s lui par le patriarche Alexios I (1945-1970), apr\u00e8s lui par le patriarche Pimen (1971-1989), et il fut remplac\u00e9 par le patriarche Alexios II de Du 7 juin 1990 \u00e0 nos jours.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Le Patriarcat russe compte aujourd'hui 150 \u00e9v\u00eaques et 242 monast\u00e8res. Le nombre de paroissiens de l\u2019\u00c9glise russe est actuellement d\u2019environ 255 millions dans le monde et 125 millions en Russie, selon la section anglaise de Wikip\u00e9dia.<\/p>\n

Il existe une \u00e9tude tr\u00e8s approfondie r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Son \u00c9minence l'\u00e9v\u00eaque Callistos (Timothy) Ware sur la situation de l'\u00c9glise russe \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque communiste. Vous pouvez consulter le livre \u00ab L\u2019\u00c9glise orthodoxe dans le pass\u00e9 et le pr\u00e9sent \u00bb aux pages (206-212). Concernant la situation de l\u2019\u00c9glise russe sous les Mongols, voir pages (112-117).
Parmi les \u00c9glises semi-ind\u00e9pendantes de l'\u00c9glise orthodoxe russe : l'\u00c9glise du Japon<\/p>\n

\u00c9glise orthodoxe d'Ukraine :<\/strong><\/span>
P\u00e9riode de Kiev : Photius, de son c\u00f4t\u00e9, ne reste pas inactif face \u00e0 la christianisation des Slaves en Russie. Vers 864, il envoya un \u00e9v\u00eaque \u00e0 Kiev, la ville russe la plus importante de l'\u00e9poque, mais le premier groupe chr\u00e9tien fut d\u00e9truit en 878 par les mains d'Oleg, qui prenait le pouvoir \u00e0 Kiev. La Russie continuait cependant \u00e0 \u00eatre expos\u00e9e \u00e0 une forte influence chr\u00e9tienne, venant de Byzance, de Bulgarie et de Scandinavie, et il est certain qu'il y avait une \u00e9glise \u00e0 Kiev depuis l'an 945. La princesse Olga se convertit au christianisme en l'an 955, mais son fils Sviatoslav refusa de l'imiter, de peur d'\u00eatre expos\u00e9 au ridicule des courtisans s'il recevait le bapt\u00eame. Vers l'an 988, Vladimir (r\u00e8gne 980-1015), petit-fils d'Olga, se convertit au christianisme et \u00e9pousa Anna, la s\u0153ur d'un empereur byzantin. L'orthodoxie est alors devenue la religion d'\u00c9tat en Russie et y est rest\u00e9e jusqu'en 1917. Vladimir a travaill\u00e9 dur pour christianiser son royaume, faisant venir des pr\u00eatres, des reliques, des vases sacr\u00e9s et des ic\u00f4nes de l'\u00e9tranger. Les gens recevaient le bapt\u00eame en groupe dans les rivi\u00e8res. Des tribunaux cl\u00e9ricaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s et le principe de la d\u00eeme au profit de l'\u00c9glise a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tabli. La grande idole repr\u00e9sentant le dieu Perun, avec sa t\u00eate d'argent et ses moustaches dor\u00e9es, \u00e9tait roul\u00e9e au pied de la colline d'o\u00f9 elle surplombait Kiev. \u00ab Et les trompettes des anges et les \u00e9chos de l\u2019\u00c9vangile commenc\u00e8rent \u00e0 retentir plus fort dans toutes les villes. L'air \u00e9tait sanctifi\u00e9 par l'encens montant vers Dieu. Des monast\u00e8res s'\u00e9levaient sur la montagne. Et tout le monde, hommes et femmes, jeunes et vieux, remplissait les saintes \u00e9glises. C\u2019est ainsi que le m\u00e9tropolite Hilarion d\u00e9crit l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement soixante ans plus tard.<\/p>\n

Le fondateur de l'\u00c9glise d'Ukraine, selon certaines \u00e9tudes, est l'ap\u00f4tre Andr\u00e9. En 1990, l'Ukraine a obtenu la semi-ind\u00e9pendance, mais elle est toujours affili\u00e9e \u00e0 la Russie. L'\u00e9v\u00eaque actuel est Son \u00c9minence le m\u00e9tropolite Vladimir Sabudan. Son nom profane est Victor Sabudan. Il est n\u00e9 en Ukraine en 1935 dans une famille paysanne. Il a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la th\u00e9ologie \u00e0 Odessa, puis \u00e0 Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg en Russie et est dipl\u00f4m\u00e9 de l'Acad\u00e9mie. En 1962, Sa Saintet\u00e9 devint moine et prit le nom de \u00ab Vladimir \u00bb. En 1965, il a termin\u00e9 ses \u00e9tudes de troisi\u00e8me cycle \u00e0 l'Institut th\u00e9ologique de Moscou et, apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu son dipl\u00f4me, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 doyen de l'Institut th\u00e9ologique d'Odessa et promu au rang d'archimandrite.<\/p>\n

\u00c9glise orthodoxe de Cor\u00e9e :
<\/strong><\/span>La mission russe en Cor\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 1898 et est rest\u00e9e limit\u00e9e \u00e0 un champ d'action restreint. Le premier pr\u00eatre orthodoxe cor\u00e9en a \u00e9t\u00e9 ordonn\u00e9 en 1912. En 1934, il y avait 820 orthodoxes en Cor\u00e9e, mais leur nombre a diminu\u00e9 plus tard (pendant la p\u00e9riode communiste), mais il est certain que ce nombre augmente.<\/p>\n

\"martyrs\u00c9glise orthodoxe en Chine :
<\/strong><\/span>La mission chinoise a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 1715 \u00e0 P\u00e9kin, mais elle remonte en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 l'ann\u00e9e 1686, lorsqu'un groupe de cosaques rejoignit la garde imp\u00e9riale chinoise et que leur pr\u00eatre \u00e9tait avec eux. Cependant, l\u2019\u0153uvre missionnaire organis\u00e9e n\u2019a commenc\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle. En 1900 apr\u00e8s JC, un grand groupe d\u2019orthodoxes fut tu\u00e9. En 1914, on ne compte plus que 5 000 nouveaux convertis, malgr\u00e9 la pr\u00e9sence de nombreux pr\u00eatres chinois et d'un s\u00e9minaire. (La politique des missionnaires orthodoxes a toujours repos\u00e9 sur la formation d\u2019un clerg\u00e9 parmi la population du pays d\u00e8s que l\u2019occasion se pr\u00e9sentait.) Apr\u00e8s la R\u00e9volution de 1917, l\u2019activit\u00e9 missionnaire n\u2019a pas diminu\u00e9, mais a plut\u00f4t augment\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un grand nombre d\u2019immigrants russes, y compris des pr\u00eatres qui ont fui la Sib\u00e9rie vers l\u2019est. En 1939, il y avait 200 000 orthodoxes en Chine et en Mandchourie, parrain\u00e9s par cinq \u00e9v\u00eaques qui poss\u00e9daient une universit\u00e9 orthodoxe \u00e0 Harbin.<\/p>\n

La situation a compl\u00e8tement chang\u00e9 depuis 1945, lorsque le gouvernement communiste chinois a ordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 tous les missionnaires non chinois de quitter le pays, sans exclure les Russes de cette mesure. Tout le clerg\u00e9 russe et la plupart des croyants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 renvoy\u00e9s en Union sovi\u00e9tique, \u00e0 l'exception de ceux qui ont fui vers l'Am\u00e9rique. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1950, la Chine comptait au moins un \u00e9v\u00eaque et 20\u00a0000 croyants. Aujourd\u2019hui, le gouvernement chinois ne reconna\u00eet pas les orthodoxes. C\u2019est le plus grand obstacle \u00e0 la propagation de l\u2019orthodoxie en Chine. Un certain nombre de citoyens chinois \u00e9tudient actuellement dans des \u00e9coles orthodoxes en Russie, avec l\u2019intention de retourner en Chine.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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