{"id":1149,"date":"2009-06-20T22:12:15","date_gmt":"2009-06-20T22:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/faith-and-theology\/the-human\/the-holiness-and-the-saints\/apostolic-fathers\/"},"modified":"2009-06-20T22:12:15","modified_gmt":"2009-06-20T22:12:15","slug":"apostolic-fathers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/it\/faith-and-theology\/the-human\/the-holiness-and-the-saints\/apostolic-fathers\/","title":{"rendered":"Padri Apostolici"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Gli studiosi cristiani diedero il nome di \u201cPadri Apostolici\u201d alla prima generazione di scrittori che vissero con gli apostoli e succedettero loro alla guida della chiesa nascente. Il frutto dei loro scritti fu il primo a seguire la fase della trascrizione dei Vangeli e delle lettere . Questa letteratura apostolica \u00e8 costituita dalla lettera di san Clemente, vescovo di Roma, al popolo di Corinto, una seconda lettera a lui attribuita, le Epistole (Insegnamento dei Dodici Apostoli), le Sette Epistole di sant&#039;Ignazio di Antiochia, brani del opere di Papia, l&#039;Epistola di Barnaba, le due lettere di San Policarpo, vescovo di Smirne, e i fatti del suo martirio, e Hermas pastore. Tutte queste opere, tranne il Martirio di Policarpo, furono scritte prima del 130 d.C.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Ci risulta chiaro che la missione dei Padri Apostolici si riassume, attraverso lo studio di ci\u00f2 che hanno scritto, in quattro questioni fondamentali che sembrano aver occupato tutto il loro tempo, e queste questioni sono: evangelizzare e preservare la vera fede, organizzare la chiesa, salvare l\u2019uomo e rendere testimonianza a Ges\u00f9 Cristo. Questi padri affrontarono nei loro scritti la situazione delle comunit\u00e0 cristiane, i loro problemi interni ed esterni, e le questioni che i credenti si trovavano ad affrontare nella loro vita quotidiana. Pertanto, grazie ai loro scritti, possiamo farci un quadro della vita cristiana primitiva e degli ostacoli pi\u00f9 importanti che sorsero sul cammino dei primi credenti.<\/p>\n<p>Notiamo dopo aver letto le opere dei Padri Apostolici che l&#039;emergere delle eresie cristiane \u00e8 stato accompagnato dall&#039;emergere della Chiesa, e i loro riferimenti alla deviazione di alcuni gruppi dalla fede originaria sono molti. Inoltre, lo scontro intellettuale tra cristiani di origine ebraica e filosofi greci richiedeva la conoscenza dei principi della logica per convincere gli studenti di filosofia del monoteismo divino e della risurrezione di Ges\u00f9 Cristo e per acquisire loro la conoscenza di questo mondo di cui godevano. L&#039;emergere delle eresie non si limit\u00f2 a quelle provenienti dalla filosofia greca, ma si estese anche ai cristiani di origine ebraica. Troviamo i Padri Apostolici che confutano gli insegnamenti dei mistici, come gli assimilatori che negavano che il Figlio di Dio fosse diventato un essere umano, cos\u00ec Sant&#039;Ignazio di Antiochia li affront\u00f2, confermando la verit\u00e0 dell&#039;incarnazione per il bene della salvezza umana. I Padri Apostolici affermarono la divinit\u00e0 di Ges\u00f9 Cristo anche di fronte agli ebioniti che la negavano e sottolinearono che egli era un profeta come tutti gli altri profeti dell&#039;Antico Testamento. Vale anche la pena notare che i Padri Apostolici hanno saputo differenziarsi nel loro indirizzo durante il loro approccio all&#039;evangelizzazione. Coloro che scrivevano agli ebrei sottolineavano l&#039;adempimento delle profezie dell&#039;Antico Testamento con la venuta di Cristo, la sua crocifissione e la sua risurrezione. Quanto a coloro che scrivevano alle nazioni, il loro linguaggio era diverso, poich\u00e9 parlavano ampiamente dell&#039;unit\u00e0 di Dio e della risurrezione di Cristo. La risurrezione, quindi, \u00e8 l&#039;unica cosa in comune nell&#039;evangelizzazione degli ebrei e dei gentili.<\/p>\n<p>I Padri Apostolici affrontano il ruolo del vescovo nella comunit\u00e0 e concordano sul fatto che egli \u00e8 il custode dell&#039;unit\u00e0 della fede, dell&#039;insegnamento e della trasmissione della buona notizia. Secondo ci\u00f2 che significa il suo titolo, \u00e8 il supervisore del corretto svolgimento del lavoro nella chiesa e colui a cui sono affidate le pecore di Cristo. Il vescovo \u00e8 colui che presiede l&#039;Eucaristia nella chiesa della domenica, circondato dall&#039;assemblea degli anziani (o sacerdoti), dei diaconi e del popolo. \u00c8 stato lui a pronunciare il sermone dopo la lettura dell&#039;Antico e del Nuovo Testamento, e il gruppo si \u00e8 confessato a vicenda i propri peccati, poi si \u00e8 tenuta l&#039;Eucaristia e i diaconi hanno distribuito pane e vino per la condivisione. Dopo il servizio liturgico, i presenti hanno donato il proprio denaro ai poveri e ai bisognosi, estendendo cos\u00ec anche alla vita il sacramento del ringraziamento e della condivisione. I Padri Apostolici non dimenticano di evidenziare i compiti pastorali del vescovo, che costituiscono un pilastro essenziale della sua missione.<\/p>\n<p>I Padri Apostolici invitano i credenti ad essere uniti permanentemente. Per questo li vediamo rifiutare l&#039;orgoglio e l&#039;invidia e considerarli la base su cui si fonda ogni scisma nella Chiesa. Sottolineano il richiamo alle virt\u00f9 dell&#039;obbedienza, dell&#039;amore e dell&#039;umilt\u00e0, soprattutto la necessit\u00e0 di obbedire al vescovo che li comanda. gli \u00e8 affidato il suo consiglio per la fede e la sua validit\u00e0. Quanto a Clemente Romano, vede che l&#039;invidia, la gelosia e l&#039;orgoglio sono causa di conflitto nella Chiesa di Corinto, per questo la invita alla pace e al ritorno all&#039;unit\u00e0, dicendo: \u201cFratelli, \u00e8 molto vergognoso e indegno del cammino cristiano sentire che l\u2019antica e consolidata Chiesa di Corinto \u00e8 insorta contro i suoi predecessori a causa di una o due persone\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Ci\u00f2 che distingue anche questi scritti apostolici \u00e8 la chiamata ad accettare il martirio, che \u00e8 la vera via per incontrare presto il Signore. I primi credenti celebravano il martirio di un loro compagno perch\u00e9 lo consideravano una risurrezione personale per lui. Dio sarebbe venuto ad abbracciare il Suo prescelto e lo avrebbe portato nel Suo regno. Il martirio era una seconda venuta di Cristo per il martire. Pertanto, i martiri non avevano paura di affrontare la morte perch\u00e9 credevano che senza dubbio sarebbero stati con Cristo lo stesso giorno del loro martirio. Qui sant&#039;Ignazio di Antiochia dice: \u201cMuoio di mia scelta per amore di Cristo (\u2026) Lasciami in preda ai mostri. \u00c8 lei che mi porta presto a Dio. Io sono il grano di Dio, macinato sotto i molari delle bestie per cuocere pane puro per Cristo\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>I Padri Apostolici e i loro contemporanei cristiani non abbandonarono l&#039;impegno nella fede cristiana ricevuta dagli apostoli, nonostante tutte le persecuzioni subite e la costrizione a nascondersi per praticare il proprio culto. Appartenere al cristianesimo fu una scelta difficile, non un lusso. Non esitarono ad accettare il battesimo, e molti di loro pagarono con il sangue ci\u00f2 che consideravano la cosa pi\u00f9 preziosa che avevano. Questo perch\u00e9 tutta la loro vita ruotava attorno ad una preghiera che si pu\u00f2 riassumere nel versetto conclusivo della Bibbia: \u201cVieni, Signore Ges\u00f9\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Dal mio bollettino parrocchiale 1998<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 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