{"id":2273,"date":"2010-05-15T19:42:17","date_gmt":"2010-05-15T19:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/saints-and-fathers\/ya\/st-john-the-damascene\/"},"modified":"2026-02-19T02:26:21","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T01:26:21","slug":"st-john-the-damascene","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/it\/saints-and-fathers\/ya\/st-john-the-damascene\/","title":{"rendered":"Giovanni Damasceno"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"SanMansour ibn Sarjun, nome di San Giovanni, nacque intorno all'anno 655 d.C. a Damasco, all'epoca capitale degli Omayyadi, da un'antica e ricca famiglia, nota per la sua virt\u00f9, l'amore per la conoscenza e la sua politica politica e sociale. Sarjun, il padre di John, e Mansour, suo nonno, lavorarono per gestire i fondi dei califfi omayyadi e riscuotere le tasse dai cristiani. Sembra che Mansour, nella sua prima giovinezza, abbia ricoperto questa carica per un periodo di tempo: San Giovanni di Damasco.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Fin da piccolo, Mansour acquis\u00ec un'importante cultura letteraria, filosofica e religiosa: la sua biografia ci racconta che il suo maestro era un monaco originario dell'isola di Sicilia, prigioniero di guerra il cui padre lo compr\u00f2, poi lo liber\u00f2 (lo emancip\u00f2), e gli affid\u00f2 l'insegnamento ai suoi due figli: il primo, Mansour, e il secondo, Qazma, suo figlio adottivo. Padroneggiava il greco, la lingua dell'alta borghesia delle persone altamente istruite, e la lingua siriaca, la lingua del popolo usata nella liturgia, e sebbene tutti i suoi scritti che ci sono pervenuti fossero in greco, \u00e8 certo che conosceva anche Arabo, la lingua della sua famiglia originaria.<\/p>\n

\"SanNon appena mor\u00ec Sargon, suo padre, quest\u2019ultimo prese il posto del padre nella gestione dei fondi statali, mentre il nano del suo maestro e il nano del fratello adottivo assunsero la vita monastica a Siq Mar Saba. Allora Mansour - che aveva circa trent'anni - e per ragioni che non conosciamo e che potrebbero essere politiche - lasci\u00f2 presto il suo incarico e si un\u00ec al suo maestro, Qazma, e a suo fratello, anche lui nel Saiq di Mar Saba. L\u00ec am\u00f2 la vita ascetica e cominci\u00f2 ad approfondire la teologia per mano del patriarca di Gerusalemme Giovanni IV (706-734), che spesso gli chiedeva di tenere sermoni e discorsi a Gerusalemme. L\u00ec prese il nome di Giovanni - forse dal nome del suo maestro, il Patriarca -.<\/p>\n

A quel tempo (intorno all'anno 725) sorse un'eresia che combatteva la venerazione delle sante icone. Affermare che questo onore \u00e8 semplicemente un culto pagano. Giovanni, con tutta la sua forza e cultura, ha difeso l'adesione alla prostrazione alle icone sacre, spiegando che questa prostrazione \u00e8 semplicemente un omaggio alle persone rappresentate nelle icone, e non \u00e8 affatto il culto delle immagini. Ha fatto tutto questo, \u201canche se non era ancora tra le fila della Santa Fedelt\u00e0\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"SanA questo proposito, la sua biografia ci racconta che il re Leone, che odiava le icone sacre, a causa del suo odio verso Giovanni, lo accus\u00f2 falsamente di tradimento, cosa che gli fece tagliare la mano. Tutto quello che Giovanni dovette fare fu entrare nella sua stanza e "gettare tutto il suo corpo a terra davanti all'icona della Signora Gloriosa, Colei che intercede in modo sfrenato. Premette la mano mozzata sul gomito e la implor\u00f2 dal profondo del suo cuore." cuore, e i suoi occhi traboccarono di lacrime ardenti che gli rigarono il petto, dicendo: O santa, purissima Signora, Madre di Dio. Il nostro Dio, il Verbo Eterno, attraverso la sua incarnazione dal tuo puro sangue a causa del suo grande amore per il genere umano , ti chiedo di supplicarlo per me... che restituisca la mia mano com'era in principio, perfetta, sana da ogni dolore e da ogni taglio, e sana, e che mostri al tuo servo la tua grande compassione (sic) affinch\u00e9 la mia lingua non diventa invalida, ho vissuto della tua lode, perch\u00e9 sei capace di ci\u00f2 che ti ho chiesto\u00bb. \u201cE allora i suoi occhi si addormentarono e vide la donna con compassione nel suo aspetto e nella sua forma, guardandolo con il fianco e dicendogli: La tua mano \u00e8 stata risparmiata, quindi adempi il tuo voto al tuo Dio, e non ritardare il tuo voto. Si svegli\u00f2 con gioia felice e si alz\u00f2 in piedi, pregando e ringraziando. E canta per il momento che si adatta alla velocit\u00e0 della sua risposta alla sua supplica e al modo in cui si \u00e8 ripreso alla sua ora. L'icona della Vergine con tre mani \u00e8 simbolo del suddetto miracolo.<\/p>\n

\"SanSulla base di quella campagna che Giovanni lanci\u00f2 contro coloro che aborrivano le sante icone, ponendo basi salde e definitive per questo onore, l'imperatore Costantino (Kepronim) tenne nell'anno 754 un concilio, dal quale furono invitati i pi\u00f9 importanti (i patriarchi di Alessandria, Antiochia e Gerusalemme) erano assenti, poich\u00e9 i presenti si rifiutarono categoricamente di onorare le sante icone e decisero che chiunque violi queste \u00e8 considerato un ribelle contro i comandamenti di Dio e un nemico che viola le dottrine specificate in questo concilio (Hiera) composto da 338 vescovi, poi scomunicarono i pi\u00f9 famosi tra coloro che difesero questo onore, cio\u00e8 Giorgio di Cipro, Germano di Costantinopoli e Mansur ibn Sargon - "quel nome sfortunato che insegna opinioni maomettane".<\/p>\n

Tuttavia, il Secondo Concilio Ingenuo del 787, dopo aver deciso di onorare le sante icone, restitu\u00ec la loro dignit\u00e0 ai privati nel concilio dei ladri di Hiera nell'anno 754, \u201cuna misericordia eterna per Germano, Giovanni e Giorgio, gli eroi della verit\u00e0... La Trinit\u00e0 li ha glorificati tutti e tre\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Giovanni si rinchiuse nella sua cella, nella valle di Mar Saba, componendo con il fratello Cosma gli inni e le leggi religiose che ancora oggi la Chiesa canta. Il suo flusso era cos\u00ec abbondante che in seguito merit\u00f2 di essere chiamato \u201cil flusso d\u2019oro\u201d. Allora la divina provvidenza volle che Cosmos fosse eletto vescovo di Mayum, oggi conosciuta come Melems (vicino a Gaza), e a Giovanni fu chiesto pi\u00f9 volte di essere ordinato sacerdote. Rifiut\u00f2 ogni volta, finch\u00e9 \u00abil Patriarca della Santa Casa lo convoc\u00f2 e lo ordin\u00f2 sacerdote contro la sua volont\u00e0, ma anzi, forzandolo troppo, vinse la sua opinione\u00bb. Quando torn\u00f2 da l\u00ec ad Al-Siq, intensific\u00f2 i suoi rituali e le sue fatiche. E si rivolse alla classificazione dei suoi detti che viaggiarono fino alle parti pi\u00f9 lontane del mondo.<\/p>\n

Gli storici ritengono che la sua ordinazione sia stata completata per mano del patriarca Giovanni V di Gerusalemme (735).<\/p>\n

San Giovanni Damasceno mor\u00ec probabilmente nell'anno 749 nel suo suddetto monastero, dopo aver trascorso una lunga vita nell'ascetismo e nella scrittura. Qui fu sepolto e la sua tomba rimase conosciuta e onorata fino al XII secolo. Quindi le sue ossa furono apparentemente trasferite a Costantinopoli. Era appena morto che si diffuse la fama di Sua Santit\u00e0 Giovanni Damasceno, e il popolo cominci\u00f2 a onorarlo, a cantare le sue composizioni liturgiche, a citare i suoi libri teologici...<\/p>\n

I suoi scritti:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Fonte della conoscenza: \u00e8 divisa in\n
      \n
    1. Filosofia e logica: discute le sfide filosofiche, spiega il ruolo della filosofia in relazione alla teologia ed \u00e8 considerata un'introduzione alle parti seguenti<\/li>\n
    2. La maggior parte delle eresie e la loro causa..<\/li>\n
    3. Fedelt\u00e0 ortodossa, fede ortodossa e cento articoli sulla fede ortodossa. Include una presentazione delle credenze pi\u00f9 importanti. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
    4. Riassunto del Segretariato ortodosso di Antiochia: scritto da Elia, metropolita di Yabrud<\/li>\n
    5. Un articolo sulla Trinit\u00e0, che \u00e8 sotto forma di domanda e risposta<\/li>\n
    6. Un articolo su \u201cSanto, Santo, Santo\u201d mostra che questa preghiera \u00e8 diretta alle tre ipostasi e non solo al Figlio.<\/li>\n
    7. Un'introduzione generale alle dottrine: scritta da lui - e raccolta dai suoi discepoli - a Giovanni, metropolita di Latakia<\/li>\n
    8. Tre articoli in difesa delle icone sacre: scritti tra gli anni 726 e 730 dopo l'emanazione del decreto contro l'onorazione delle icone sante.<\/li>\n
    9. Un articolo contro un vescovo giacobita: in cui rifiuta le opinioni e i principi dei giacobiti, in particolare la loro affermazione secondo cui esiste una natura in Cristo.<\/li>\n
    10. Un articolo contro il manicheismo: \u00e8 sotto forma di dialogo tra un ortodosso e un manicheo per mostrare gli errori del dualismo.<\/li>\n
    11. Dibattito tra un musulmano e un cristiano: difendere la dottrina dell'incarnazione e respingere la teoria della predestinazione.<\/li>\n
    12. Saggio contro le streghe.<\/li>\n
    13. Un saggio sulla natura complessa: un rifiuto delle opinioni di coloro che credono in una natura.<\/li>\n
    14. Un articolo sul fatto che Cristo ha due volont\u00e0: \u00e8 una risposta a chi dice che Cristo ha una sola volont\u00e0.<\/li>\n
    15. Saggio contro i Nestoriani: Quelli che dicono che Cristo ha due persone e due nature.<\/li>\n
    16. La polemica di Giovanni l'Ortodosso: con Manicheo rifiuta le idee di Mani<\/li>\n
    17. Un autore che spiega le epistole di San Paolo. Si ispir\u00f2 agli scritti di Giovanni Crisostomo e Cirillo d'Alessandria.<\/li>\n
    18. Un breve articolo sul digiuno<\/li>\n
    19. Saggio sugli spiriti maligni<\/li>\n
    20. Un saggio su virt\u00f9 e vizi.<\/li>\n
    21. Sermoni: Sulla Dormizione della Madonna, sulla nascita della Madonna, sulla Trasfigurazione, sul fico secco che Ges\u00f9 maledisse e sul Grande Sabato\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. eccetera.<\/li>\n
    22. Composizioni liturgiche e canti religiosi <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Informazioni pi\u00f9 ampie e approfondimenti sulla vita di San Giovanni si trovano nella sezione Storia >> Storia della Chiesa fino al IX secolo >> \u201cJohn Damascus, il corsaro all'oro<\/a>“<\/p>\n

      La nostra Chiesa ortodossa celebra la sua memoria il 4 dicembre.<\/p>\n

      Tropari nell'ottava melodia
      Sei apparso, o contemplativo Giovanni, guida della retta fede e maestro del buon culto e della purezza, o stella del mondo abitato e bellezza dei sapienti sommi sacerdoti, e con i tuoi insegnamenti hai illuminato tutti, o musicista della l'anima, intercedendo presso Cristo Dio per salvare le nostre anime.<\/p>\n

      E anche Troyaria nell'ottava melodia
      Venite, lodiamo l'usignolo canterino e melodioso, che ha cantato la Chiesa di Cristo e l'ha allietata con i suoi canti meravigliosamente melodiosi e melodiosi: per lui intendo Giovanni Damasceno, il sapientissimo, il capo degli inni che era pieno di saggezza divina e universale.<\/p>\n

      Qandaq con la quarta melodia
      Lodiamo, o credenti, l'innario, maestro e lampada della Chiesa, il venerabile Giovanni, colui che si oppone ai nemici, perch\u00e9 ha portato l'arma della Croce del Signore, affrontando cos\u00ec con essa l'errore della tutti gli innovatori, e poich\u00e9 \u00e8 un fervente intercessore presso Dio, concede a tutti il perdono delle trasgressioni.<\/p>\n

      Un'altra canzone con la seconda melodia
      Hai domato il tuo corpo e lo hai umiliato con la fatica durante le molteplici fatiche dell'ascesi, o giusto padre, cos\u00ec ti sei innalzato fino alle altezze celesti, e in esso ti sono state donate melodie divine e le hai cantate pubblicamente per i diletti del Signore.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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