{"id":764,"date":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","date_gmt":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/orthodox-churches-history\/patriarchat-russia\/"},"modified":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","modified_gmt":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","slug":"patriarchat-russia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/it\/church-history\/orthodox-churches-history\/patriarchat-russia\/","title":{"rendered":"Patriarcato di Russia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Su richiesta e invito dello zar Vladimir e di sua moglie Olga, i chierici furono inviati da Costantinopoli sulla riva del fiume Dnepr nella citt\u00e0 di Kiev, in Ucraina, e battezzarono collettivamente migliaia di russi, il primo dei quali fu lo zar. <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Si stabil\u00ec cos\u00ec in Russia la Chiesa, che inizialmente fu metropolita affiliato al Patriarcato di Costantinopoli fino all'anno 1589, che poi sal\u00ec al rango di patriarcato, e occupa il quinto posto tra i patriarcati ortodossi dopo il Patriarcato di Gerusalemme, e il patriarca assunse il titolo di patriarca di Mosca e di tutta la Russia Nell'anno 1700, dopo la morte del patriarca russo X, lo zar Pietro modific\u00f2 il sistema amministrativo della chiesa in Russia da patriarcato a sinodo. Gli affari della Chiesa erano gestiti dal Sinodo dei Vescovi, senza patriarca. Il 18 novembre 1917, l'assemblea dei vescovi e dei rappresentanti del clero e del popolo restaur\u00f2 il sistema ecclesiastico in patriarcato, con sede a Mosca, eleggendo il patriarca Tikhon, che divenne santo e patrocin\u00f2 la chiesa fino all'anno 1925, dopo nella quale fu imprigionato e martirizzato. Gli successe poi il Patriarca Sergio dall'8 settembre 1943 al 15 maggio 1944, dopo di lui il Patriarca Alessio I (1945-1970), dopo di lui il Patriarca Pimen (1971-1989), e gli successe il Patriarca Alessio II di 7 giugno 1990 ad oggi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Il Patriarcato russo comprende oggi 150 vescovi e 242 monasteri. Il numero dei parrocchiani della Chiesa russa \u00e8 attualmente di circa 255 milioni nel mondo e 125 milioni in Russia, secondo la sezione inglese di Wikipedia.<\/p>\n

Esiste uno studio molto ampio condotto da Sua Eminenza il Vescovo Callistos (Timothy) Ware sulla situazione della Chiesa russa nel periodo comunista. Puoi rivedere il libro "La Chiesa ortodossa nel passato e nel presente" dalle pagine (206-212). Sulla situazione della Chiesa russa sotto i Mongoli vedi pp. (112-117).
Tra le chiese semindipendenti dalla Chiesa ortodossa russa: la Chiesa del Giappone<\/p>\n

Chiesa ortodossa in Ucraina:<\/strong><\/span>
Periodo di Kiev: Fozio, dal canto suo, non rimase con le mani in mano verso la cristianizzazione degli slavi in Russia. Intorno all'864 invi\u00f2 un vescovo a Kiev, all'epoca la pi\u00f9 importante citt\u00e0 russa, ma il primo gruppo cristiano fu distrutto nell'anno 878 per mano di Oleg, che stava assumendo il potere a Kiev. La Russia, tuttavia, continuava ad essere esposta a una forte influenza cristiana, proveniente da Bisanzio, Bulgaria e Scandinavia, ed \u00e8 certo che esisteva una chiesa a Kiev fin dall'anno 945. La principessa Olga si convert\u00ec al cristianesimo nell'anno 955, ma suo figlio Svyatoslav si rifiut\u00f2 di imitarla, per paura di essere esposto al ridicolo dei cortigiani se avesse ricevuto il battesimo. Intorno all'anno 988, Vladimir (governato dal 980 al 1015), nipote di Olga, si convert\u00ec al cristianesimo e spos\u00f2 Anna, sorella di un imperatore bizantino. L'Ortodossia divenne quindi la religione di stato in Russia e rimase in questo stato fino al 1917. Vladimir lavor\u00f2 duramente per cristianizzare il suo regno, portando sacerdoti, reliquie, vasi sacri e icone dall'estero. Le persone ricevevano il battesimo in gruppi nei fiumi. Furono istituiti tribunali clericali e fu stabilito il principio della decima a beneficio della chiesa. Il grande idolo rappresentante il dio Perun, con la testa d'argento e i baffi dorati, fu fatto rotolare ai piedi della collina da cui dominava Kiev. \u201cE le trombe degli angeli e gli echi del Vangelo cominciavano a suonare pi\u00f9 forti in tutte le citt\u00e0. L'aria venne santificata dall'incenso che saliva verso Dio. I monasteri furono costruiti sulla cima della montagna. E tutto il popolo, uomini e donne, giovani e vecchi, riempiva le sante chiese\u201d. Cos\u00ec il metropolita Hilarion descrisse l'evento sessant'anni dopo.<\/p>\n

Il fondatore della Chiesa ucraina, secondo alcuni studi, \u00e8 l'apostolo Andrea. Nel 1990 l'Ucraina ha ottenuto la semiindipendenza, ma \u00e8 ancora affiliata alla Russia. L'attuale vescovo \u00e8 Sua Eminenza il metropolita Vladimir Sabudan. Il suo nome secolare \u00e8 Victor Sabudan. \u00c8 nato in Ucraina nel 1935 d.C. in una famiglia di contadini. Ha studiato teologia a Odessa, poi ha studiato a San Pietroburgo in Russia, e si \u00e8 laureato all'accademia. Nel 1962, Sua Santit\u00e0 divenne monaco e prese il nome di \u201cVladimir\u201d. Nel 1965 complet\u00f2 gli studi post-laurea presso l'Istituto Teologico di Mosca e, dopo la laurea, fu nominato preside dell'Istituto Teologico di Odessa e promosso al grado di Archimandrita.<\/p>\n

Chiesa ortodossa in Corea:
<\/strong><\/span>La missione russa in Corea fu istituita nel 1898 e rimase limitata ad un ambito ristretto. Il primo sacerdote ortodosso coreano fu ordinato nel 1912. Nel 1934 c'erano 820 ortodossi in Corea, ma il loro numero \u00e8 diminuito successivamente (periodo comunista), ma \u00e8 certo che il numero sta aumentando.<\/p>\n

\"MartiriChiesa ortodossa in Cina:
<\/strong><\/span>La missione cinese fu fondata nel 1715 a Pechino, ma in realt\u00e0 le sue origini risalgono all'anno 1686, quando un gruppo di cosacchi si un\u00ec alla Guardia Imperiale Cinese, e il loro sacerdote era con loro. Tuttavia, l\u2019opera missionaria organizzata non inizi\u00f2 prima della fine del diciannovesimo secolo. Nel 1900 d.C. un folto gruppo di ortodossi fu ucciso. Nel 1914 i nuovi convertiti non furono pi\u00f9 di 5.000, nonostante la presenza di alcuni sacerdoti cinesi e di un seminario. (La politica dei missionari ortodossi \u00e8 sempre stata quella di creare clero tra la gente del paese non appena se ne presentava l'occasione.) Dopo la Rivoluzione del 1917, l\u2019attivit\u00e0 missionaria non diminu\u00ec, anzi aument\u00f2 grazie a un gran numero di immigrati russi, tra cui sacerdoti fuggiti ad est dalla Siberia. Nel 1939 c'erano 200.000 ortodossi in Cina e Manciuria, sponsorizzati da cinque vescovi che avevano un'universit\u00e0 ortodossa ad Harbin.<\/p>\n

La situazione \u00e8 completamente cambiata dal 1945, quando il governo comunista cinese ordin\u00f2 a tutti i missionari non cinesi di lasciare il Paese, e non escluse i russi da questa misura. Tutto il clero russo e la maggior parte dei credenti furono restituiti all'Unione Sovietica, ad eccezione di coloro che fuggirono in America. Negli anni Cinquanta la Cina aveva almeno un vescovo e 20mila credenti. Oggi il governo cinese non riconosce gli ortodossi. Questo \u00e8 il pi\u00f9 grande ostacolo alla non diffusione dell'Ortodossia in Cina. Numerosi cittadini cinesi stanno attualmente studiando nelle scuole ortodosse in Russia, con l'intenzione di tornare in Cina.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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