{"id":511,"date":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","date_gmt":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/orthodox-library\/biblical-studies-orthodox-library\/history-of-new-testament-canon-v15-39\/"},"modified":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","modified_gmt":"2009-02-20T01:56:46","slug":"history-of-new-testament-canon-v15-39","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/orthodox-library\/orthodox-biblical-studies\/history-of-new-testament-canon-v15-39\/","title":{"rendered":"Istoria Canonului Noului Testament"},"content":{"rendered":"

introducerea<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Cuvintele lui Hristos sunt lumin\u0103 \u0219i via\u021b\u0103, o lumin\u0103 pentru mintea noastr\u0103, care str\u0103luce\u0219te asupra noastr\u0103, care st\u0103m \u00een \u00eentuneric \u0219i \u00een umbra mor\u021bii. Este via\u021ba pentru inimile noastre obosite de sarcinile acestei lumi \u0219i \u00eenseta\u021bi de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i iubire. Multe c\u0103r\u021bi frumoase, valoroase, bogate \u00een idei, au fost publicate \u0219i sunt publicate \u00een fiecare zi. Dar cartea vie\u021bii este una. De la El este sursa vie\u021bii nemuritoare care eman\u0103 dintr-o inim\u0103 din inima fiec\u0103rui credincios. \u201eSf\u00e2nta Biblie\u201d credincioas\u0103. Prin urmare, este imperativ ca Noul Testament \u0219i Biserica s\u0103 acorde c\u0103r\u021bii respect deplin. Exist\u0103 multe moduri de a-l onora. \u00cen biseric\u0103, ne plimb\u0103m cu cartea, o ungem, o t\u0103m\u00e2m, o s\u0103rut\u0103m \u0219i ne uit\u0103m la ea. Biblia se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul mesei \u00een templul din bisericile noastre.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0218i toate acestea sunt cinste pentru c\u0103, \u00een opinia noastr\u0103, sunt sfinte \u0219i inspirate, dup\u0103 cuvintele apostolului Pavel: \u201eScriptura este inspirat\u0103 de Dumnezeu \u0219i este de folos pentru a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba...\u201d (2 Timotei 3:16). ). Credem c\u0103 Biblia este sf\u00e2nt\u0103 pentru c\u0103 Duhul Sf\u00e2nt este cel care i-a inspirat pe cei care au scris-o \u0219i care, cu sf\u00e2ntul S\u0103u ungere, \u00eei va inspira \u0219i pe cei care o citesc \u0219i o interpreteaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Sfin\u021bii p\u0103rin\u021bi au fost cei mai buni p\u0103zitori ai \u00eencrederii apostolice, \u00eentruc\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd c\u0103r\u021bile au devenit numeroase \u0219i diverse, ei obi\u0219nuiau s\u0103 defineasc\u0103 a\u0219a-numitele c\u0103r\u021bi canonice, care sunt c\u0103r\u021bile pe care biserica le-a acceptat pentru c\u0103 erau inspirate de Dumnezeu. Acest proces a avut stadii istorice de dezvoltare care s-au extins pe parcursul primelor patru secole de cre\u0219tinism. Cercet\u0103rile ulterioare urm\u0103resc aceste etape istorice \u00een formarea canonului c\u0103r\u021bilor Noului Testament, miz\u00e2nd pe ceea ce am putut ob\u021bine din traducerea din cartea profesorului John Krafidopoulos (Introducere \u00een Noul Testament). Atr\u0103g\u00e2nd ajutor indispensabil de la P\u0103rin\u021bii A\u0219tept\u0103rii - c\u0103r\u021bile noastre vorbitoare - pentru a putea prezenta o cercetare modest\u0103 pentru a ob\u021bine calitatea de membru \u00een \u0219colile duminicale ortodoxe.<\/p>\n

Vechiul Testament ca \u201ecarte\u201d pentru biserica primar\u0103:<\/p>\n

\u00cenainte de a vedea etapele care au trecut prin procedurile de compilare a \u201e27 de c\u0103r\u021bi\u201d ale Noului Testament \u00eentr-un singur trup \u0219i de a-l face cunoscute bisericii ca \u201ecarte sf\u00e2nt\u0103\u201d, adic\u0103 istoria canonului Noului Testament, trebuie mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 la urm\u0103toarea \u00eentrebare: Care carte a fost biserica primar\u0103?<\/p>\n

\u00cen c\u0103r\u021bile Noului Testament, \u00eent\u00e2lnim de obicei frazele: \u201eScripturile, spune Scriptura, care este scris\u0103, dup\u0103 Scripturi... etc a Bisericii primare, care este Vechiul Testament, numit\u0103 \u0219i \u201eLegea \u0219i Profe\u021bii\u201d. Hristos \u00ee\u0219i arat\u0103 viziunea asupra Vechiului Testament ca o viziune \u0219i o pre-planificare a \u00eentregii sale vie\u021bi, lucr\u0103ri, mor\u021bi \u0219i \u00eenvieri \u0219i, bine\u00een\u021beles, el \u00ee\u0219i rezum\u0103 mesajul cu privire la Vechiul Testament cu declara\u021bia sa din Predica de pe Munte: \u201eF\u0103 s\u0103 nu crede\u0163i c\u0103 am venit s\u0103 desfiin\u0163ez Legea sau Proorocii, nu am venit s\u0103 desfiin\u0163ez, ci s\u0103 \u00eemplinesc\u201d (Matei 5:17). Apostolii dup\u0103 aceea \u0219i-au \u00eentemeiat predicarea pe Vechiul Testament, declar\u00e2nd \u00een toate direc\u021biile credin\u021ba c\u0103 \u00een persoana lui Isus Hristos s-au \u00eemplinit toate profe\u021biile La fel, p\u0103rin\u021bii \u0219i imni\u015ftii bisericii au interpretat Vechiul Testament cu concepte hristologice.<\/p>\n

\u00cenceputurile Noului Testament ca \u201ecarte\u201d:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u0219a cum Cuv\u00e2ntul Domnului a luat form\u0103 scris\u0103 \u00een cele patru Evanghelii, el a fost, de asemenea, rostit oral \u00een paralel ca o \u201etradi\u021bie\u201d, iar acest cuv\u00e2nt a luat o pozi\u021bie de certitudine \u0219i valabilitate \u00een primul r\u00e2nd \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba cre\u0219tinilor.<\/p>\n

Apostolul Pavel sus\u021bine \u00eentotdeauna afirma\u021biile sale din scrisorile sale cu adev\u0103rul \u0219i puterea cuvintelor Domnului: \u201eC\u0103ci v\u0103 spunem aceste lucruri prin Cuv\u00e2ntul Domnului\u201d (Tesaloniceni 4:15), \u201eV\u0103 poruncesc nu Eu, ci Domnul\u201d (Coloseni 7:10), \u201eAceasta este porunca Domnului, ca cei ce vestesc Evanghelia s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 Evanghelia\u201d (Coloseni 9:14), \u201eC\u0103ci am primit de la Domnul ceea ce v-am dat\u201d (1 Corinteni 11:23), \u201e\u00cen tot ceea ce v-am ar\u0103tat c\u0103 astfel s\u0103 lucra\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 lucra\u021bi mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t pe cei slabi, amintindu-v\u0103 de cuvintele Domnului Isus\u201d (Faptele Apostolilor 20:35).<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 exemplul apostolilor, p\u0103rin\u021bii apostolici considerau Vechiul Testament \u0219i zicerile Domnului ca adev\u0103ruri pe care le posedau numai. Din aceste lucruri se deduce c\u0103 la \u00eenceput tradi\u021bia vie a Bisericii a jucat un rol primordial \u00een r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea adev\u0103rului cre\u0219tin.<\/p>\n

Papias, episcopul Ierapolisului Frigiei, la \u00eenceputul secolului al II-lea, de\u0219i cuno\u0219tea Evangheliile scrise, s-a bazat mai mult pe tradi\u021bia vie dec\u00e2t pe ele, iar acest lucru \u00eel deducem din pasajul urm\u0103tor, care ne ofer\u0103 detalii precise: \u201eDar eu de asemenea, nu ezita s\u0103-\u021bi pun \u00een fa\u021ba interpretarea mea.\u201d Tot ce am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat cu grij\u0103 de la \u0219eici <\/a>(1) \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647………. \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u00bb <\/a>(2).<\/p>\n

C\u0103r\u021bile care alc\u0103tuiau Noul Testament erau partea scris\u0103 a adev\u0103rului cre\u0219tin rostit oral, dar nici m\u0103car aceste c\u0103r\u021bi nu erau cunoscute \u00een acea epoc\u0103 ca Sf\u00e2nta Scriptur\u0103, dar erau acceptate \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba cre\u0219tinilor, datorit\u0103 sursei lor apostolice \u0219i a lor. armonie cu adev\u0103rul pe care Biserica l-a avut ca tradi\u021bie vie \u201ede la \u00eenceput, martori oculari \u0219i slujitori\u201d (Luca 1:2).<\/p>\n

Primele grupuri de c\u0103r\u021bi ale Noului Testament:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 tot ceea ce s-a men\u021bionat anterior despre cita\u021biile P\u0103rin\u021bilor Apostoli ale Domnului, se pune \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 este posibil s\u0103 avem culegeri scrise mai specifice ale c\u0103r\u021bilor Noului Testament \u00een cadrul Bisericii, dac\u0103 r\u0103spunsul este pozitiv. cand au devenit aceste prime colectii?<\/p>\n

Avem m\u0103rturii clare ale unei prime culegeri \u00een anul 140 d.Hr. de c\u0103tre Marcio N. Ateul la Roma.<\/p>\n

Acesta este fiul unui episcop din SINWPH TOU POUNTOU care s-a refugiat la Roma \u0219i \u0219i-a fondat propria biseric\u0103 \u0219i a scris un canon format din Evanghelie \u0219i Epistol\u0103. Acest canon con\u021bine Evanghelia dup\u0103 Luca (care a fost un participant \u0219i \u00eenso\u021bitor al lui Apostolul Pavel \u0219i deci avea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi pauline) \u0219i zece scrisori ale lui Pavel \u00een ordine:<\/p>\n

(Gal, 1+2 Cor, Rom, 1+2 Tesaloniceni, Laodiceeni - a\u0219a a numit el Efesul -, Co, Fil, Vi) Din Evanghelia dup\u0103 Luca, Marcion a t\u0103iat ceea ce nu era \u00een concordan\u021b\u0103 cu \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile sale.<\/p>\n

Dar a fost Marcion primul care a contribuit la ideea de a aduna c\u0103r\u021bile Noului Testament \u00eentr-un singur trup? Exist\u0103 indicii specifice care indic\u0103 ideea c\u0103 o colec\u021bie de epistole ale apostolului Pavel a avut loc \u00eenaintea lui Marcion, care sunt urm\u0103toarele:<\/p>\n

- A doua epistol\u0103 universal\u0103 a lui Petru - pentru a pleca de la textele Noului Testament \u00eense\u0219i - \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care scrie despre Apostolul Pavel, \u201eprecum ne-a scris \u0219i iubitul nostru frate Pavel dup\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul care i-a fost dat, ca \u00een toate scrisorile. , vorbind despre aceste lucruri\u201d (2 Petru 3:15-16). Putem presupune c\u0103 cititorii cre\u0219tini ar fi cunoscut aceste scrisori grupate \u00een acest fel.<\/p>\n

- La fel, Ignatie din Antiohia <\/a>(3) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u00bb \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639 \u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 (\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633 “12: 2″\u060c “18: 1-1″\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 “5: 1″\u060c “9: 1″\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 “1: 1″\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 “1: 1″…\u0625\u0644\u062e).<\/p>\n

-La fel \u0219i Policarp <\/a>(4) \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 (1: 3)\u060c (3: 3)\u060c (4: 1)\u060c (5: 3)\u060c (6: 2)\u060c (12: 1) \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (4: 26).<\/p>\n

\u2013 Justinus <\/a>(5) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 (\u0631\u0648\u060c 1\u0643\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0648\u060c 2\u062a\u0633\u060c \u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628).<\/p>\n

Pe baza dovezilor anterioare, putem spune c\u0103 o colec\u021bie de scrisori ale Sf\u00e2ntului Pavel a fost g\u0103sit\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur corp la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului I \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al II-lea \u0219i ar putea fi locul unde au fost adunate scrisorile. Corint <\/a>(6) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633<\/a> (7).<\/p>\n

Se poate spune acela\u0219i lucru despre cele patru Evanghelii?<\/p>\n

- \u00cenainte de mijlocul secolului al II-lea, Evangheliile nu erau recunoscute ca carte sf\u00e2nt\u0103. \u00cen textele P\u0103rin\u021bilor Apostolici, observ\u0103m foarte pu\u021bine dintre cuvintele Domnului prezentate ca c\u0103r\u021bi sfinte.<\/p>\n

Desigur, g\u0103sim \u00een el cuv\u00e2ntul (Evanghelia lui Euaggelio) la singular, dar acest termen nu se refer\u0103 la cartea sau c\u0103r\u021bile pe care le con\u021bine, ci se refer\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 la predicarea bisericii despre Hristos.<\/p>\n

La mijlocul secolului al II-lea, Iustin men\u021bioneaz\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul (Evanghelia lui Euaggelio) la plural, pe care el \u00eel descrie drept \u201ememorii ale apostolilor\u201d, ne spune c\u0103 au fost citite \u00een adun\u0103rile de \u00eenchinare cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu scrierile profe\u021bilor \u201eApostolii au creat memorii numite Evanghelii\u201d.<\/p>\n

- A\u0219adar, \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al II-lea, se poate vorbi despre o colec\u021bie care con\u021bine cele patru Evanghelii, a\u0219a cum va deveni clar mai jos datorit\u0103 informa\u021biilor pe care le-am primit de la Irineu.<\/a> (8) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061f……… \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

Sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al II-lea, o sta\u021bie important\u0103 \u00een istoria dreptului:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Perioada de la mijlocul \u0219i sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al II-lea a fost decisiv\u0103, a\u0219a cum men\u021bioneaz\u0103 Efes <\/a>(9) \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb <\/a>(10) \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/a>(11)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 192\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0630\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 ” \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00bb <\/a>(12) \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al II-lea, Irineu, episcop de Loghonno (azi Lyon), folose\u0219te c\u0103r\u021bile Noului Testament \u00een lupta sa \u00eempotriva gnosticilor. <\/a>(13) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 ) 1075 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 (\u0641\u0644\u060c 2 \u0628\u0637\u060c 3 \u064a\u0648\u060c \u064a\u0647 ) \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 ( 9-8\u060c 11 )\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 ( 1\u0628\u0637\u060c 1+2 \u064a\u0648) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u00cen aceea\u0219i epoc\u0103 sunt aminti\u021bi Clement \u0219i Sf\u00e2ntul Alexandriei <\/a>(14) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 <\/a>(15)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c 1 + 2 \u064a\u0648\u060c \u064a\u0647)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 (93\u060c 13 ).<\/p>\n

Legea lui Muratori:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1740, un c\u0103lug\u0103r numit Muratori a g\u0103sit un text important cu privire la starea legii \u00een secolul al II-lea. Acesta este format din fragmente dintr-un manuscris la Biblioteca Ambrosiani din Milano textul dateaz\u0103 din aproximativ anul 200 d.Hr. Cel mai probabil a fost scris \u00een Biserica Romei. Acest text exprim\u0103 ideile unei biserici ca un \u00eentreg, nu ideile unei persoane individuale. Acest canon men\u021bioneaz\u0103 23 de c\u0103r\u021bi ale Noului Testament cu informa\u021bii scurte (intr\u0103ri). Latin\u0103 sa este greu de \u00een\u021beles, ceea ce ne face s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 este prost tradus\u0103 din greaca original\u0103.<\/p>\n

C\u0103r\u021bile stipulate \u0219i enumerate \u00een Codul Muratori sunt: cele 4 Evanghelii, dintre care se men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 Evanghelia a patra a venit de la ucenicul lui Hristos Ioan, Faptele Apostolilor care au venit de la Evanghelistul Luca, cele treisprezece scrisori ale lui Pavel cu introducerea. la Prima Epistol\u0103 c\u0103tre Corinteni (1 + 2 Corinteni, Efes. Col, Gal, 1 + 2 Tesaloniceni, Rom, Fil, Ti, 1 + 2 Ti), remarc\u00e2nd c\u0103 la fel cum a scris Ioan celor \u0219apte biserici (Apoc. 2- 3), tot a\u0219a a scris Pavel lui Corint, Efeseni, Filipeni, Coloseni, Galateni, Tesaloniceni \u0219i Romani, de asemenea lui Filimon \u0219i Timotei \u0219i cele 3 Epistole Eclesiastice (1 + 2 Ioan, Iuda), Apocalipsa lui Ioan \u0219i Apocalipsa lui Petru, iar al doilea este indicat pentru c\u0103 mul\u021bi nu voiau s\u0103 fie citit \u00een biseric\u0103. Epistola c\u0103tre Evrei este absent\u0103 \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al IV-lea nu a fost inclus\u0103 printre c\u0103r\u021bile canonice din Occident. Absen\u021ba primei Epistole a lui Petru din canon este, de asemenea, neexplicat\u0103, de\u0219i a fost considerat\u0103 canonic\u0103 de Irineu, Tertulian. <\/a>(16)\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n

Putem spune pe scurt c\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al II-lea, majoritatea celor 27 de c\u0103r\u021bi ale Noului Testament au devenit considerate canonice, adic\u0103 cele patru Evanghelii, Faptele Apostolilor \u0219i cele 13 Epistole ale Apostolului Pavel (cu excep\u021bia Epistolei c\u0103tre Evrei de anumi\u021bi scriitori). Dintre epistolele care sunt \u00een mod clar cuprinz\u0103toare, doar Prima Epistol\u0103 a lui Petru \u0219i Epistola \u00eent\u00e2i Ioan \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 Apocalipsa lui Ioan.<\/p>\n

Discu\u021bii despre c\u0103r\u021bi specifice de drept \u00een timpul secolului al treilea:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul al III-lea nu au existat discu\u021bii despre canonicitatea celor Patru Evanghelii, a Faptelor, a celor 13 Epistole ale Sf\u00e2ntului Pavel \u0219i a Marilor Epistole, adic\u0103 a c\u0103r\u021bilor care fuseser\u0103 impuse ca c\u0103r\u021bi sacre de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului precedent. .<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, diferen\u021be \u00eentre aranjamentele bisericilor locale sunt observate \u00een epistolele catolice minore (2 Pet, 3 + 2 Ioan, Iuda), precum \u0219i \u00een Epistola c\u0103tre Evrei (respins\u0103 \u00een principal \u00een Occident) \u0219i Apocalipsa (respins\u0103 \u00een principal). \u00cen est).<\/p>\n

Starea dreptului la \u00eenceputul secolului al treilea are un ecou \u00een lucr\u0103rile lui Origen <\/a>(17) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 ) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0642\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u00bb <\/a>(18).<\/p>\n

\u00cen prima categorie: cele patru Evanghelii, cele 13 Epistole ale Sf\u00e2ntului Pavel \u0219i Epistola c\u0103tre Evrei (care are \u00eendoieli de la anumite biserici, doar \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te atribuirea ei c\u0103tre Apostolul Pavel), Faptele Apostolilor, Prima Epistol\u0103 a lui Petru, Prima Epistola lui Ioan \u0219i viziunea.<\/p>\n

\u00cen a doua categorie: care se nume\u0219te (\u00eendoielnic) pentru c\u0103 bisericile nu s-au pus de acord \u00een unanimitate asupra ei, care este Epistola a II-a a lui Petru, Epistola a doua \u0219i a treia a lui Ioan, Epistola lui Iacov \u0219i Epistola lui Iuda.<\/p>\n

Origen folose\u0219te \u0219i alte c\u00e2teva scrieri de mai multe ori ca \u0219i cum ar fi foarte originale, dar nu le consider\u0103 canonice sau inspirate. Aceste lucr\u0103ri sunt: P\u0103storul lui Herma, Prima epistol\u0103 a lui Clement, Faptele lui Pavel, Epistola lui Barnaba, \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura apostolilor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, unele dintre ele sunt considerate false, care sunt Evangheliile eretice, cum ar fi Evanghelia lui Toma, Vasilidis, Matia \u0219i cei Doisprezece, care dup\u0103 egipteni.<\/p>\n

La mijlocul secolului al III-lea, Dionisie, elev al lui Origen, care a fost responsabil de \u0218coala de \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt din Alexandria \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu episcop al Alexandriei, \u00een lupta sa \u00eempotriva episcopului Arsenie Nepota, proprietarul Ereziei Mileniului. <\/a>(19) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 ) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 ) \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, aceste idei ale sale nu ne determin\u0103 s\u0103 respingem legalitatea acestei c\u0103r\u021bi, \u00een timp ce al\u021bi elevi ai lui Origen \u0219i, de asemenea, \u0218coala din Antiohia, care a fost fondat\u0103 de Lucian. <\/a>(20) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

 \u00cen general, Orientul a fost considerat a fi foarte conservator \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te Cartea Apocalipsei. Ceea ce se reflect\u0103 \u00een realitatea liturgic\u0103 este c\u0103 Biserica nu a precizat lecturi din aceast\u0103 carte \u00een liturghie. \u00cen plus, aproximativ 2\/3 din manuscrisele Noului Testament nu con\u021bin aceast\u0103 carte.<\/p>\n

Formularea final\u0103 a legii \u00een secolul al IV-lea:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

- Efesul a venit \u00een jurul anului 325 d.Hr., la aproximativ un secol dup\u0103 Origen, \u00een istoria sa bisericeasc\u0103, disting\u00e2nd urm\u0103toarele grupuri de c\u0103r\u021bi. <\/a>(21) :<\/p>\n

 - C\u0103r\u021bile recunoscute: Men\u021bioneaz\u0103 succesiv cele patru sfinte Evanghelii, Faptele Apostolilor, Epistolele Sf\u00e2ntului Pavel (f\u0103r\u0103 a distinge Epistola c\u0103tre Evrei), Epistola \u00eent\u00e2i a lui Ioan, Epistola \u00eent\u00e2i a lui Petru, \u0219i mai clasific\u0103 viziunea cu ei. Dar el subliniaz\u0103 opinii opuse.<\/p>\n

B - C\u0103r\u021bi nerecunoscute: Epistole cunoscute de mul\u021bi, Iacov, Iuda, 2 Petru, 2 Ioan \u0219i 3.<\/p>\n

C - C\u0103r\u021bi necanonice: Faptele lui Pavel, P\u0103storul lui Herma, Apocalipsa lui Petru, Epistola lui Barnaba, \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura celor Doisprezece, Evanghelia Evreilor, Apocalipsa lui Ioan.<\/p>\n

D - C\u0103r\u021bi eretice: Evanghelia lui Petru, Evanghelia lui Toma, Evanghelia lui Metas \u0219i altele, Faptele lui Andrei \u0219i Ioan \u0219i a altor apostoli.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Al treizeci \u0219i nou\u0103lea mesaj festiv al Sf\u00e2ntului Atanasie <\/a>(22) \u0633\u0646\u0629 367\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0647\u0648\u0630\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

Se observ\u0103 c\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Atanasie cel Mare a fost primul care a folosit termenul \u201ecanon\u201d \u00een declararea colec\u021biei de c\u0103r\u021bi ale Bibliei. Cuv\u00e2ntul \u201elege\u201d \u00een trecut \u00eenseamn\u0103 o rigl\u0103 sau un nivel de arhitectur\u0103, iar la figurat \u00eenseamn\u0103 standardul dup\u0103 care compar\u0103m alte lucruri \u00cen plus, \u00eenseamn\u0103 o list\u0103 sau o list\u0103, iar \u00een acest sens este folosit \u00een matematic\u0103 , astronomie \u0219i istorie.
C\u0103r\u021bile men\u021bionate \u00een lege se numesc c\u0103r\u021bi juridice, \u00een timp ce cartea \u201ePastorul\u201d de Hermas este descris\u0103 ca fiind una dintre c\u0103r\u021bile \u201ecare nu apar\u021bin legii\u201d. Astfel, c\u0103r\u021bile care apar\u021bin canonului c\u0103r\u021bii sunt numite \u201ecanonice\u201d, \u00een timp ce alte c\u0103r\u021bi sunt numite \u201enon-canonice\u201d sau \u201ealterate\u201d.<\/p>\n

Legea Noului Testament \u0219i Biserica:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Al doilea factor care trebuie luat \u00een considerare este popularitatea lucr\u0103rilor apocrife \u00een timpul secolului al II-lea. Cre\u0219tinii se fereau de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile eretice care erau con\u021binute \u00een unele lucr\u0103ri apocrife sau de informa\u021biile lor imaginare neconsiderate, iar aceasta a fost principala preocupare a lui. Biserica.<\/p>\n

Prin urmare, pe de o parte, Biserica a trebuit s\u0103 se confrunte cu Marcion, care a redus c\u0103r\u021bile principale la o Evanghelie \u0219i zece scrisori, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte, a trebuit s\u0103 se confrunte cu diferite erezii \u0219i mi\u0219c\u0103ri gnostice care creau multe texte de scrieri false. . \u0218i-a extins canonul \u00eempotriva lui Marcion eviden\u021biind cele patru Evanghelii \u0219i scrisorile lui Pavel cu restul scrisorilor Noului Testament, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 viziune, iar \u00eempotriva gnosticilor \u0219i-a limitat textele apostolice inspirate de Dumnezeu \u0219i pe cele originale care constituie finalul. canonul Noului Testament.<\/p>\n

Prin urmare, ceea ce trebuie subliniat este c\u0103 Biserica a existat \u00eenaintea legii \u0219i a fost c\u0103l\u0103uzit\u0103 de Duhul Sf\u00e2nt, disting\u00e2nd c\u0103r\u021bile inspirate de cele neinspirate. Este posibil ca Marcion \u0219i c\u0103r\u021bile apocrife ale gnosticilor s\u0103 fi influen\u021bat formarea legii. dar, de asemenea, \u0219i fundamental, biserica a vrut s\u0103 Ea pune bazele principiilor ei istorice de credin\u021b\u0103 \u00een persoana lui Isus Hristos pentru via\u021ba ei liturgic\u0103 \u0219i evanghelistic\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen definirea rela\u021biei dintre Biblie \u0219i Biseric\u0103, se observ\u0103 c\u0103 nu ar fi corect s\u0103 subliniem prea mult suveranitatea unuia \u00een detrimentul celuilalt. Desigur, biserica f\u0103r\u0103 carte este ca un vehicul f\u0103r\u0103 ro\u021bi. La fel, Biblia f\u0103r\u0103 biseric\u0103 este lipsit\u0103 de eficien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 interpretare. . F\u0103r\u0103 darul interpretativ al Duhului Sf\u00e2nt, care \u201econstituie o chestiune stabilit\u0103 \u00een biseric\u0103\u201d, Biblia r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u201epecetluit\u0103 cu \u0219apte pece\u021bi\u201d (Apocalipsa 1:5).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Istoria<\/p>\n

Traducere: Amer Khamis<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>(1) \u06be\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n

<\/a>(2) \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c(3″39: 3-4).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(3) \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 35\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 107 \u0648117\u0645.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(4) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(5) \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u06be\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a( 150 \u0645).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(6) \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(7) \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(8) \u06be\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u06be\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u06be\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(9) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 (264- 340\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(10) \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c ( 5\u064b 16: 3)<\/p>\n

<\/a>(11) \u0623\u0633\u0633\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u06be\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0651\u06be\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(12) \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c (4\u064b  26: 14).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(13) \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u06be\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06be\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(14) \u06be\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u06be\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u06be\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 202\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0637\u06be\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u06be \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06be\u0627 \u0648 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639\u06be \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(15) \u0648\u0623\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629” \u0648 \u06be\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u06be\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(16) \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0646\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 106 \u2013 155\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u06be\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u06be\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06be\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06be\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u06be\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u06be \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u06be\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(17) \u06be\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06be \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u06cc\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u06be \u0641\u06be\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u060c (185- 250\u0645).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(18) \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c (6\u064b  25).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(19) \u06be\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0638\u06be\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u06be\u0627 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d \u0633\u06cc\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u06cc\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0629 \u06cc\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0623\u06be\u0645\u06be\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u06cc\u0629 (20 : 4- 7).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(20) \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06be \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u06cc\u0629 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u06be\u0627.<\/p>\n

<\/a>(21) \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u06cc\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0629\u060c (3\u064b  25).<\/p>\n

<\/a>(22) \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 295 \u0645 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u062f\u06cc\u06be\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 373 \u0645.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":509,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"510,603,489,1911,1914,906,2824,1185,947,1258,996,1200","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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