{"id":644,"date":"2009-02-23T22:26:00","date_gmt":"2009-02-23T22:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/voukas-and-hercules\/"},"modified":"2009-02-23T22:26:00","modified_gmt":"2009-02-23T22:26:00","slug":"voukas-and-hercules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/voukas-and-hercules\/","title":{"rendered":"Phokas \u0219i Hercule"},"content":{"rendered":"

Phokas vine la putere<\/span><\/strong>Solda\u021bii s-au r\u0103sculat \u00een toamna anului 602 \u0219i au trecut Dun\u0103rea sub comanda lui Phocas, unul dintre ofi\u021berii lor, \u0219i s-au \u00eendreptat spre capitala statului. Constantinopolul era lipsit de solda\u021bi. Mauricius a mobilizat un grup de voluntari din locuitorii capitalei \u0219i i-a \u00eempins la ziduri. O mare parte a popula\u021biei s-a s\u0103turat de m\u00e2ndria \u00eemp\u0103ratului, de c\u0103ile sale aristocratice \u0219i de l\u0103comia proprietarilor de propriet\u0103\u021bi mari \u0219i fonduri abundente care au fost \u00eent\u0103rite de \u00eemp\u0103rat. C\u00e2nd Phocas \u0219i solda\u021bii s-au apropiat de capital\u0103, Mauricius a sim\u021bit nemul\u021bumirea mul\u021bimii \u0219i s-a temut c\u0103 fiul s\u0103u Teodosie \u0219i ruda lui Germanus \u00eei vor sprijini pe solda\u021bi.A\u0219a c\u0103 a ordonat arestarea lui Germanus.Oamenii au fugit \u0219i voluntarii \u0219i-au evacuat pozi\u021biile de pe ziduri, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul a fugit cu familia peste Bosfor la Nicomedia. La 23 noiembrie 602, b\u0103tr\u00e2nii \u0219i poporul l-au proclamat \u00eemp\u0103rat pe Phokas. Acest om a intrat a doua zi, \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiind aur. Apoi l-a \u00eendrumat pe Nicomedia s\u0103-l m\u0103celeze pe Mauricius \u0219i familia lui.<\/p>\n

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Atacul persan:<\/span><\/strong> Mauricius \u00eei scrisese lui Abarviz Shah al Persiei cer\u00e2ndu-i ajutor. Aberviz a auzit \u0219i de r\u0103scoala anun\u021bat\u0103 de comandantul Nerses \u00een anul 603 la Edessa, a\u0219a c\u0103 a decis s\u0103 profite de o ocazie potrivit\u0103. El \u00eensu\u0219i a mers la Edesa \u0219i a asediat-o. Apoi i-a \u00eenvins pe romani \u00eentre Edessa \u0219i Nisibis \u00een anul 604. \u00cen anul 605, Dara a c\u0103zut \u00een m\u00e2inile sale, a\u0219a c\u0103 Abviez s-a \u00eendreptat spre Siria \u0219i Armenia. Liderul s\u0103u, Shahin, a ocupat Erzurum \u0219i Armenia Mic\u0103 \u00een anul 605-606 \u0219i a invadat Anatolia, iar avangarda armatei sale a ajuns la Calcedon \u00een anul 610. Un alt comandant pe nume Shahrbaraz s-a ridicat \u0219i a ocupat Mardin, Amed, Edessa \u0219i Raqqa. \u00cen anul 610, Eufratul a devenit grani\u021ba dintre cele dou\u0103 state.<\/p>\n

Phokas \u0219i Biserica din Antiohia:<\/span><\/strong> Foca a luat o pozi\u021bie ferm\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de schisma care a avut loc \u00een Biserica Antiohiei \u00eentre monofizi\u021bii iacobi\u021bi \u0219i membrii ortodoc\u0219i ai Bisericii Universale \u0219i i-a sus\u021binut pe deplin. El i-a \u00eempiedicat pe iacobi\u021bi s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 \u0219i a restric\u021bionat patriarhul lor, Athanasius Al-Jammal, \u00een sediul s\u0103u din Al-Qubba, \u00eentre Alep \u0219i Manbij. Dar iacobinii s-au pl\u00e2ns \u0219i au prins curaj, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u0219i-au \u021binut adun\u0103rile \u0219i s-au consultat. Conduc\u0103torii lor s-au \u00eenghesuit \u00een Antiohia \u0219i s-au adunat \u00eentr-una dintre bisericile acesteia, a\u0219a c\u0103 autorit\u0103\u021bile au fost nevoite s\u0103-i \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tie cu for\u021ba. S-au ab\u021binut \u0219i au fost for\u021ba\u021bi s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru, iar victimele lor au crescut.<\/p>\n

Anastasius, patriarhul cop\u021bilor monofizi\u021bi, a sosit \u00een Antiohia \u00een anul 608 \u0219i s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit cu colegul s\u0103u Athanasius El-Gammal. F\u0103c\u00e2nd acest lucru, el a \u00eenc\u0103lcat ordinele \u00eemp\u0103ratului \u0219i a fost vizat pentru pedeaps\u0103. Comandantul Bonosius a mers la Antiohia \u0219i a ordonat dizolvarea \u00eent\u00e2lnirii. Iacobi\u021bii s-au revoltat \u00eempotriva lui, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-a subjugat cu for\u021ba. Un num\u0103r mare dintre ei au fost t\u0103ia\u021bi de s\u0103biile solda\u021bilor s\u0103i \u0219i a fost un masacru dureros.<\/p>\n

Istoricul Teofan spune c\u0103 Foca a vrut s\u0103-i converteasc\u0103 pe evrei la cre\u0219tinism, a\u0219a c\u0103 a poruncit s\u0103 fie boteza\u021bi, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-au revoltat \u00een Antiohia, a\u0219a c\u0103 Bonusius a c\u0103p\u0103tat putere asupra lor \u0219i i-a m\u0103cel\u0103rit. Dar Kulakovski, istoricul rus care a cercetat temeinic aceast\u0103 chestiune, crede c\u0103 Teofan confund\u0103 problema botezului evreilor cu Foca \u0219i Heraclius \u0219i confirm\u0103 c\u0103 cei care s-au revoltat \u00eempotriva lui Foca au fost iacobinii, nu evreii. Kolakowski preia povestea lui Antioh, comandantul. El crede c\u0103 evreii au profitat de situa\u021bie \u0219i au sus\u021binut autorit\u0103\u021bile \u00eentr-o disput\u0103 politic\u0103 \u00eentre ei \u0219i Verzi, provoc\u00e2nd astfel mari pierderi iacobinilor.<\/p>\n

Moartea Patriarhului Antiohiei:<\/span><\/strong> Per\u0219ii au avansat \u0219i au ocupat Manbij, Khalqis \u0219i Alep \u00een anul 608-609. Phocas era \u00eenc\u0103 ocupat s\u0103-\u0219i consolideze puterea, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu i-a dat lui Al-Khidr nimic din ceea ce a promis. I-au rezistat \u0219i l-au insultat public \u00een hipodrom. Conflictul dintre ei \u0219i Zarqa s-a intensificat \u0219i s-a extins \u00een majoritatea ora\u0219elor mari. A\u0219a ceva s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een Antiohia, a\u0219a c\u0103 evreii au profitat de circumstan\u021bele interne \u0219i externe \u0219i s-au amestecat \u00een disputa dintre p\u0103r\u021bile din Antiohia, provoc\u00e2nd pierderi grele cre\u0219tinilor.<\/p>\n

Anastasie I murise la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 598, iar \u00een scaunul de apostoli i-a urmat Anastasie al II-lea (599-610), c\u0103lug\u0103rul \u015fi avocatul din Sinai. Care a tradus \u00een greac\u0103 lucrarea Papei Grigorie, Legile Pastorale.C\u00e2nd per\u0219ii au intrat \u00een ora\u0219 \u0219i zarva s-a intensificat \u00een Antiohia, evreii au profitat de situa\u021bia de acolo \u0219i l-au \u00eencercat \u00een mod arbitrar pe Anastasius al II-lea \u0219i au fost creativi \u00een a-l chinui \u0219i a-l executa. Barticius spune c\u0103 iacobi\u021bii au planificat complotul, dar aceasta este o afirma\u021bie slab\u0103. Evreii au pl\u0103nuit un plan similar \u00een Tir, dar episcopul s\u0103u le-a stricat planul \u0219i ei, la r\u00e2ndul lor, au pierdut foarte mult.<\/p>\n

Titlul \u201ePatriarhul Universului\u201d:<\/span><\/strong> Statutul lui Leu, Papa al Romei, a crescut la mijlocul secolului al V-lea, iar statutul colegului s\u0103u Dioscor, Papa al Alexandriei, a crescut \u0219i a fost mul\u021bumit de Brahma, a\u0219a c\u0103 a fost m\u0103rit cu titlul \u201eEcumenic\u201d. Poate c\u0103 Olimpul, episcopul de Avaza, a fost primul care a folosit acest titlu. Dioscor a eviden\u021biat-o \u00een \u201econsiliul ho\u021bilor\u201d din Efes \u00een anul 449. Teodor diaconul alexandrin a urmat exemplul atunci c\u00e2nd s-a adresat lui Leu cu ocazia Sinodului Calcedonian din anul 451. Ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor a ap\u0103rut \u0219i \u00een scrisoarea \u00een care \u0219efii a m\u0103n\u0103stirilor din Constantinopol adresat\u0103 papei Agapet \u00een anul 535.<\/p>\n

Zenon \u0219i-a anun\u021bat cartea Enoticonul, iar Acacius, Patriarhul capitalei (472-448), l-a sus\u021binut. Simplicius, Papa Romei, a obiectat, iar ruptura dintre cei doi pontifi a fost rezolvat\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 Patriarhul Constantinopolului a luat titlul de Patriarh al Lumii, iar succesorii s\u0103i l-au urmat \u00een aceasta. \u00cen anul 518, cercurile clericale antiohiene au trimis o scrisoare Patriarhului Ioan al II-lea al Constantinopolului (518-520), consider\u00e2ndu-l patriarh ecumenic. Acest patriarh i-a scris tovar\u0103\u0219ului s\u0103u ierusalim \u0219i a semnat, lu\u00e2nd titlul de \u201ePatriarh Ecumenic\u201d.<\/p>\n

Iustinian a venit cu legile \u0219i legile sale \u0219i fiecare patriarh constantinian era considerat un patriarh ecumenic. Pontiful Romei s-a referit la ceea ce poate fi tradus astfel: Sfin\u021bia Sa Arhiepiscopul \u0219i Patriarhul Primului Ora\u0219. Toate acestea sunt sus\u021binute de actele Sinodului al V-lea Ecumenic, deoarece referirea la Patriarhul Constantinopolului este cuplat\u0103 cu titlul de Patriarh al Universului.<\/p>\n

Gregorius subliniaz\u0103 articolul nehot\u0103r\u00e2t:<\/span><\/strong> Pelagius a fost succedat ca conduc\u0103tor al Romei de Grigore cel Mare (590-604). Era evlavios \u0219i evlavios \u0219i a v\u0103zut \u00een eforturile colegilor s\u0103i constantinieni de a \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219a ecumenismul un pericol care amenin\u021ba unitatea Bisericii, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-a scris lui Ioan \u00een anul 595 o scrisoare \u00een care spunea:<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cemi amintesc c\u0103 lini\u0219tea Bisericii este tulburat\u0103 de \u00een\u0103l\u021barea ta nebun\u0103. Iubitul meu frate, iubi\u021bi din toat\u0103 inima smerenia care p\u0103streaz\u0103 acordul tuturor fra\u021bilor \u0219i unitatea Sfintei Biserici Universale. C\u00e2nd Pavel i-a auzit pe unii spun\u00e2nd: \u201eEu sunt al lui Pavel \u0219i sunt al lui Pavel\u201d, a fost tulburat de \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea trupului lui Hristos \u0219i a strigat: \u201eA fost r\u0103stignit Pavel pentru voi? Sau a\u021bi fost boteza\u021bi \u00een numele lui Pavel?\u201d<\/p>\n

Al-Sawm a murit pe 2 septembrie a aceluia\u0219i an, 595, remarcandu-se prin post, evlavie, cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i clasificare, realiz\u00e2nd \u201e\u00een\u0103l\u021bare prin smerenie \u0219i bog\u0103\u021bie\u201d. Kyriakos a preluat Constantinopolul dup\u0103 el. El a scris scrisori de pace c\u0103tre biserici, al c\u0103ror prim-plan era Biserica Romei antice. Gregory i-a r\u0103spuns cu felicit\u0103ri. Apoi i-a scris s\u0103 renun\u021be la titlul de \u201ePatriarh Ecumenic\u201d dac\u0103 dore\u0219te pacea. I-a scris agentului s\u0103u, Spinianus, s\u0103 nu slujeasc\u0103 Liturghia cu el dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i renun\u021b\u0103 la titlu.<\/p>\n

Grigorie \u00eei scrisese lui Anastasie, Patriarhul Antiohiei, \u00een martie 593, felicit\u00e2ndu-l pentru \u00eentoarcerea \u00een patriarhie dup\u0103 moartea predecesorului s\u0103u, Grigorie, \u0219i d\u00e2ndu-i cheile Apostolului. C\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput cearta \u00eentre el \u0219i Ioan Postul, a trimis dou\u0103 scrisori, una c\u0103tre Anastasie \u0219i cealalt\u0103 c\u0103tre Patriarhul Alexandriei, \u00eendemn\u00e2ndu-l s\u0103 se ab\u021bin\u0103 de la a numi pe nimeni titlul de mare preot ecumenic, subliniind c\u0103 \u00cemp\u0103ratul se teme de Dumnezeu \u0219i c\u0103 nu face nimic \u00eempotriva Evangheliei \u0219i legilor, regret\u00e2nd c\u0103 smeritul Ioan s-a arogant, sper\u00e2nd s\u0103 p\u0103streze bisericile a\u0219a cum erau. El i-a ocrotit de corup\u021bie pe episcopii supu\u0219i acestora, \u00eencheind cu fraza: \u201eRuga\u021bi-v\u0103 pentru mine a\u0219a. pentru ca faptele mele s\u0103 fie de acord cu cuvintele mele.\u201d Mauricius a aflat de familiaritatea dintre Anastasius \u0219i Grigore, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-a cerut Pontifului de Antiohia \u00een anul 597 s\u0103 r\u0103ceasc\u0103 m\u00e2nia Pontifului Romei \u0219i s\u0103-i potoleasc\u0103 furia. Anastasius i-a scris o scrisoare dr\u0103gu\u021b\u0103 prietenului s\u0103u Grigore \u0219i l-a rugat s\u0103 nu lase loc r\u0103ului \u0219i s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la bun\u0103tate \u0219i bl\u00e2nde\u021be. Gregory l-a \u00eenvinuit pentru neglijen\u021ba sa \u0219i l-a informat despre con\u021binutul scrisorilor care fuseser\u0103 schimbate \u00eentre el \u0219i Kyriakos.<\/p>\n

Phokas \u0219i titlul ecumenic:<\/span><\/strong> Focas s-a r\u0103zvr\u0103tit \u0219i i-a m\u0103cel\u0103rit pe Mauricius \u0219i pe fiii s\u0103i, a\u0219a c\u0103 mama lor, Constantia, \u0219i cele trei fiice ale ei s-au refugiat \u00eentr-o m\u0103n\u0103stire \u00een care locuiau. Focas i-a cerut Patriarhului Ecumenic s\u0103 predea fetele \u0219i mama lor. Kyriakos a refuzat \u0219i l-a mustrat pe Phocas pentru nedreptatea lui. Grigorie i-a scris lui Foca felicit\u0103ri m\u0103gulitoare, apoi a murit \u00een anul 604. I-a urmat Spinianus, care a murit dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva luni, iar Bonifatius al III-lea a preluat-o. Bonifatius a continuat politica de lingu\u0219ire.La 19 ianuarie 607, Focas a ordonat ca Biserica Romei s\u0103 fie considerat\u0103 conduc\u0103torul tuturor bisericilor.Apoi i-a interzis lui Kyriakos s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 titlul de ecumenic.<\/p>\n

invazie persan\u0103:<\/span><\/strong> (611-614) Heraclius l-a lovit pe Focas cu piciorul. B\u0103tr\u00e2nii l-au numit pe Heraclius \u00eemp\u0103rat. Heraclius i-a scris lui Abruez inform\u00e2ndu-l despre pedeapsa pe care o aplicase lui Phokas \u0219i asigur\u00e2ndu-l c\u0103 restabilirea p\u0103cii \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 state a devenit posibil\u0103. Dar Eberwez nu r\u0103spunse. Armatele sale trecuser\u0103 Eufratul \u0219i ocupaser\u0103 Qarqisiya la gura Khabur \u0219i Raqqa la nord. Apoi Shahrbaraz a \u00eenaintat \u0219i a p\u0103truns \u00een nordul Siriei, ocup\u00e2nd Abameya \u0219i Antiohia \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 611. Apoi a m\u0103r\u0219\u0103luit asupra Homs, a capturat-o \u0219i a intrat \u00een Damasc \u00een anul 613. Heraclius a revenit la negocieri, dar nu a reu\u0219it. A decis s\u0103-i \u00eenfrunte pe per\u0219i pe dou\u0103 fronturi \u00een acela\u0219i timp. A\u0219a c\u0103 Filipius a trimis o armat\u0103 \u00een Armenia, iar el \u0219i fratele s\u0103u Teodor au mers \u00een nordul Siriei pentru a respinge Abruise din Liban, Palestina \u0219i Egipt. Cele dou\u0103 armate s-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u0219i s-au ciocnit \u00een anul 613 \u00een jurul zidurilor Antiohiei. Romanii au fost \u00eenvin\u0219i \u0219i s-au retras la intrarea \u00een Cilicia, unde au fost \u0219i ei \u00eenfr\u00e2n\u021bi, iar per\u0219ii au ocupat Tartus \u0219i toat\u0103 Cilicia. \u00cen anul 614, per\u0219ii \u0219i-au continuat \u00eenaintarea spre sud, condu\u0219i de Shahrbaraz, \u0219i au m\u0103r\u0219\u0103luit din Cezareea Palestinei la Ierusalim, care era o \u021bar\u0103 sf\u00e2nt\u0103 pentru du\u0219manii lor. Au asediat-o dou\u0103zeci de zile, apoi au intrat cu for\u021b\u0103 \u00een el. Au ucis un num\u0103r mare de cre\u0219tini - cincizeci \u0219i \u0219apte de mii - \u0219i au prins treizeci \u0219i cinci de mii. Au ars biserici, l-au arestat pe Patriarhul Zaharia, au pus m\u00e2na pe cruce \u0219i au trimis-o \u00een Persia. Dar au p\u0103strat Biserica Na\u0219terii Domnului pentru c\u0103 au v\u0103zut \u00een mozaicurile ei un omagiu adus Magilor. Shahrbaraz i-a aliat pe evrei cu cre\u0219tinii. C\u00e2nd a realizat ceea ce \u0219i-a dorit, i-a exilat pe to\u021bi evreii din Ora\u0219ul Sf\u00e2nt \u0219i apoi a ordonat restaurarea bisericilor. \u00cen prim\u0103vara anului 617, Shahrbaraz s-a \u00eentors la cucerire, a m\u0103r\u0219\u0103luit asupra Egiptului \u0219i l-a adus \u00een supunere fa\u021b\u0103 de \u0219ah.<\/p>\n

Per\u0219ii \u0219i Biserica:<\/span><\/strong> Aberviz a c\u0103utat ajutor de la Biserica Persan\u0103 \u0219i a oferit un num\u0103r de episcopi \u0219i preo\u021bi ai acesteia, nestorieni \u0219i monofizi\u021bi, \u0219i i-a ata\u0219at de armata sa \u0219i i-a \u00eenlocuit cu ortodoc\u0219i oriunde mergea. Toate eparhiile r\u0103s\u0103ritene ale Antiohiei erau lipsite de clerul Bisericii Ortodoxe Universale. Scaunul Antiohiei a r\u0103mas vacant dup\u0103 uciderea lui Anastasius al II-lea pentru o perioad\u0103 de timp. S-a afirmat \u00een istoria siriac\u0103 a lui Mihai c\u0103 acest loc a r\u0103mas vacant timp de treizeci \u0219i opt de ani. Totu\u0219i, \u00een lista Patriarhului Ecumenic Constan\u021bi se mai spunea c\u0103 Grigore al II-lea a domnit din anul 610 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 620 \u0219i c\u0103 Atanasie al III-lea i-a urmat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 628, apoi Macedonie p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 640 \u0219i Georgius p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 656. Aceast\u0103 ordine corespunde listei cu acelea\u0219i nume din lista Argului Pur (Baabd 1899).<\/p>\n

complexul Ctesifon<\/span><\/strong>: (614) Situa\u021bia cre\u0219tinilor era grea pentru Aberviz, iar ei \u00eei ascultaser\u0103 \u00een mii \u0219i mii, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-a angajament \u00een grija lui personal\u0103 \u0219i i-a chemat pe conduc\u0103torii lor s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 \u00een palatul s\u0103u din Ctesifon \u00een anul 614 pentru a delibera, consulta\u021bi \u0219i sunt de acord. Episcopii \u0219i \u201efilozofii\u201d, adic\u0103 c\u0103lug\u0103rii, s-au adunat \u00een capital\u0103. Printre ei se afla, se pare, Zaharia, Patriarhul Ierusalimului, care a fost dus captiv la Ctesifon. \u00cent\u00e2lnirea lor a fost condus\u0103 din ordinul \u0219ahului, armeanului Sambad Baghartouni \u0219i medicului \u0219ahului. Abreviz a participat personal la lucr\u0103rile acestui consiliu. Cei prezen\u021bi au discutat despre hot\u0103r\u00e2rile Sinoadelor de la Niceea, Constantinopol, Efes \u0219i Calcedon. Din textul istoricului Sebius se deduce c\u0103 Abruez vorbea despre natur\u0103 \u0219i dou\u0103 naturi \u0219i c\u0103 nu era de acord cu pozi\u021bia nestorienilor, a\u0219a c\u0103 a ordonat alungarea lor din consiliu.Apoi a aprobat pozi\u021bia armenilor, iar afirma\u021bia de o natur\u0103 a devenit o declara\u021bie legitim\u0103 \u00een ochii autorit\u0103\u021bilor persane.<\/p>\n

Heraclius primul cruciat:<\/span><\/strong> Heraclius mijlocise la Fecioara \u00een anul 609 c\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se preg\u0103teasc\u0103 pentru campania \u00eempotriva Constantinopolului. S-a \u00eentors la ea c\u0103ut\u00e2nd mijlocire \u00een iarna anului 621 \u0219i s-a retras din preg\u0103tirea spiritual\u0103 pentru a se preg\u0103ti pentru \u00eendeplinirea unei \u00eendatoriri sfinte: datoria de a ap\u0103ra statul, biserica \u0219i religia. La 4 aprilie 622, a venit \u00eenainte de la Sf\u00e2nta Mas\u0103, primind trupul \u0219i s\u00e2ngele pre\u021bios al Domnului. \u00cen ziua de cinci a aceleia\u0219i luni, Patriarhul Ecumenic Serghie, guvernatorul Bonos, \u0219eicii, \u00eenal\u021bii func\u021bionari, notabilii \u0219i notabilii l-au chemat. S-a \u00eentors c\u0103tre patriarh \u0219i i-a spus: \u201e\u00cencredin\u021bez aceast\u0103 cetate lui Dumnezeu, mamei sale \u0219i \u021bie \u0219i fiului meu dup\u0103 mine.\u201d Dup\u0103 ce s-a rugat \u00een Biserica \u00cen\u021belepciunii Dumnezeie\u0219ti, rug\u0103ciuni \u0219i cereri, a primit icoana Domnului M\u00e2ntuitorul. A plecat cu osta\u0219ii s\u0103i \u00een Golful Nicomediei, apoi Gala\u021bia \u0219i Capadocia s\u0103 finalizeze mobilizarea \u0219i aprovizionarea. De aici se spune c\u0103 Heraclius a fost primul dintre crucia\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Heraclius ajunge \u00een capitala persan\u0103:<\/span><\/strong> Heraclius a f\u0103cut o mi\u0219care de flancare la scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u0219i \u0219i-a \u00eendreptat armata spre est, amenin\u021b\u0103nd c\u0103ile de transport \u0219i aprovizionare ale inamicului \u00een Asia Mic\u0103. Shahrbaraz a \u00eencercat s\u0103-l distrag\u0103 pe Heraclius de la planul s\u0103u, a\u0219a c\u0103 a invadat Cilicia. Dar Hercule nu i-a dat aten\u021bie. Comandantul persan a fost nevoit s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 spre est pentru a-l \u00eempiedica pe Heraclius s\u0103-\u0219i ating\u0103 scopul. Cei doi adversari s-au confruntat \u00een Armenia \u00een anul 622, a\u0219a c\u0103 cercul s-a \u00eentors \u00eempotriva per\u0219ilor, iar Heraclius a ob\u021binut o victorie clar\u0103. Per\u0219ii s-au retras din Cappadocia \u0219i Punt. Heraclius s-a \u00eentors la Constantinopol pentru a cerceta problema avarilor. \u00cen prim\u0103vara anului 623, a reluat atacul \u00een est, t\u0103ind Armenia \u0219i ocup\u00e2nd Dokhan \u0219i Nashqavan, apoi a p\u0103truns \u00een Azerbaidjan \u0219i s-a \u00eendreptat spre Tabriz (Kanzakh) pentru a-l surprinde pe Abviz \u00een palatul s\u0103u de acolo. Deci Abarviz a fugit din ora\u0219 \u0219i romanii au p\u0103r\u0103sit-o, a\u0219a c\u0103 au ars templul ei cel mare \u0219i i-au urm\u0103rit pe per\u0219ii fugi\u021bi \u00een timp ce ei jefuiau \u0219i distrugeau. Apoi Heraclius s-a \u00eentors, tem\u00e2ndu-se de o mi\u0219care eludativ\u0103 despre care se temea c\u0103 va fi \u00eentreprins\u0103 de Shahrbaraz, Shahin sau ambii. Cu aceste victorii, Heraclius a putut extrage din popoarele cre\u0219tine din Caucaz cu ce a umplut r\u00e2ndurile. S-a \u00eentors din nou pe c\u00e2mp \u00een anii 624 \u0219i 625, lovindu-l pe Shahrbaraz la Lacul Van, apoi lovindu-l \u00een Cilicia la r\u00e2ul Saros. Comandantul persan a fost for\u021bat s\u0103 se retrag\u0103 spre est, iar Heraclius s-a \u00eentors la Punt pentru a petrece iarna. Apoi a inten\u021bionat s\u0103 se mute de la Punt cu o armat\u0103 mare \u00een anul 626 pentru a-\u0219i relua victoria asupra per\u0219ilor, dar \u00eenaintarea avarilor \u00een Balcani \u0219i asediul Constantinopolului l-au obligat s\u0103-\u0219i am\u00e2ne inten\u021bia p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 627. \u00cen vara anului 627, khazarii, alia\u021bi ai lui Heraclius, au asediat Tbilisi, care s-a repezit s\u0103 lupte cu Abruise, a\u0219a c\u0103 a cobor\u00e2t \u00een Valea Zabului \u0219i a t\u0103b\u0103r\u00e2t cu adversarul s\u0103u \u00een Pe 12 decembrie, la ruinele Ninivei, a provocat o \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere teribil\u0103. Apoi a trecut Zab, \u00eendrept\u00e2ndu-se spre Ctesifon, capitala persan\u0103, \u0219i a ocupat sediul regal din Dastjrid \u0219i a extras din acesta trei sute de steaguri romane pe care per\u0219ii le capturaser\u0103 \u00een victoriile anterioare. Mii de prizonieri au fost elibera\u021bi. \u00cen timp ce armata lui Shahrabahraz era \u00eenc\u0103 complet intact\u0103, iar liniile de ap\u0103rare ale lui Taifsun erau puternice \u0219i inexpugnabile, Heraclius a preferat s\u0103-\u0219i p\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 inamicul \u00een Tabriz, a\u0219a c\u0103 a traversat Mun\u021bii Zagros \u00een timpul iernii \u0219i a ajuns \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00een Tabriz pe 11 martie. \u00een anul 628.<\/p>\n

Sheruya, fiul lui Abrewiz, se r\u0103zvr\u0103tise \u00eempotriva tat\u0103lui s\u0103u \u0219i a preluat tronul pe 28 februarie a anului 628. I-a scris lui Heraclius cer\u00e2ndu-i pacea. \u00cemp\u0103ratul s-a \u00eemp\u0103cat cu el \u00een condi\u021bii, dintre care cele mai importante au fost: \u00eentoarcerea la vechile grani\u021be, eliberarea prizonierilor \u0219i am\u00e2narea Sfintei Cruci. Sherwayh a acceptat aceste condi\u021bii, a\u0219a c\u0103 Heraclius l-a contactat pe Shahrabaraz pentru a le implementa.Acest lider de\u021binea \u00eenc\u0103 controlul unei mari p\u0103r\u021bi a propriet\u0103\u021bii romane din Asia.Dup\u0103 lungi negocieri, Heraclius \u0219i Shahrabaraz s-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit la Arabisus \u00een Asia Mic\u0103 \u00een iunie 629. Heraclius \u0219tia cum s\u0103-i spun\u0103 lui Shahrabaraz despre ce se g\u00e2ndea acestui lider. Shahrbaraz r\u00e2vni la tronul persan, dar Heraclius i-a dat speran\u021b\u0103.Comandantul s-a gr\u0103bit s\u0103 pun\u0103 \u00een aplicare tratatul \u0219i \u0219i-a evacuat armatele din \u021binuturile romane pe care le ocupa.<\/p>\n

Cruce Sfanta:<\/span><\/strong> S-a men\u021bionat \u00een istoria lui Antioh Comandantul c\u0103 Abrewis a \u00eencredin\u021bat crucea so\u021biei sale cre\u0219tine, iar ea a p\u0103strat-o \u00eentr-un loc sigur \u00een Tayfsun. Istoricul siriac Mihai a raportat c\u0103 per\u0219ii au dat Sf\u00e2nta Cruce romanilor din Manbij \u0219i c\u0103 de acolo a fost transportat\u0103 la Alep, Homs, Damasc \u0219i Tiberiade \u0219i c\u0103 \u00eensu\u0219i Heraclius a primit-o la Tiberiade \u0219i a dus-o la Ierusalim. La Cebeu i sa \u00eent\u00e2mplat c\u0103 Heraclius a adus Crucea \u00een Cetatea Sf\u00e2nt\u0103, \u00eentr-o procesiune de m\u0103re\u021bie uluitoare \u0219i splendoare triumf\u0103toare.Voin\u021ba lui a umplut inimile \u0219i ochii au uimit \u00een fa\u021ba lui. Teofan adaug\u0103 c\u0103 Heraclius a ordonat ca evreii s\u0103 fie expulza\u021bi din ora\u0219 \u00eenainte de a ajunge acolo \u0219i c\u0103 Patriarhul Zaharia a participat la aceast\u0103 procesiune solemn\u0103. Dovezile \u0219i textele indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 sosirea lui Heraclius la Ierusalim a avut loc pe 21 martie 630 \u0219i c\u0103 celebrarea ridic\u0103rii crucii la locul ei a avut loc \u00een duminica urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\n

Akathiston:<\/span><\/strong> (626) \u00cen anul 617, un mare grup de oameni slavi au trecut Dun\u0103rea, duc\u00e2ndu-\u0219i cu ei familiile \u0219i bunurile. S-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een Balcani, insulele Egee \u0219i \u021b\u0103rmurile Asiei. Au f\u0103cut ravagii \u00een \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i a \u00eenconjurat Tesalonic, asedi\u00e2ndu-l o lun\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103. De \u00eendat\u0103 ce calvarul s-a limpezit \u0219i au trecut doi ani, Saqalba au atacat din nou, t\u00e2r\u00e2ndu-i pe avari \u00een urma lor. Au continuat p\u00e2n\u0103 au ajuns la periferia Constantinopolului. Au jefuit, au distrus, au ars \u0219i au luat prizonieri. Nu s-au retras p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd Heraclius \u0219i-a m\u0103rit redeven\u021bele.<\/p>\n

R\u0103zboiul persan a dus la absen\u021ba \u00eemp\u0103ratului din capital\u0103 timp de trei ani consecutiv. Avarii au revenit la comportamentul lor anterior \u0219i de data aceasta au vrut s\u0103 n\u0103v\u0103leasc\u0103 \u00een capitala \u00eens\u0103\u0219i \u00een anul 626. Per\u0219ii au avansat \u00een r\u0103zboi p\u00e2n\u0103 la Calcedon, a\u0219a c\u0103 Khaganul avarilor \u0219i-a \u00eenc\u0103lcat promisiunea \u0219i s-a repezit cu masele sale spre zidurile capital. \u00cemp\u0103ratul l-a numit pe Patriarhul Ecumenic Serghie ca gardian al fiului s\u0103u \u0219i adjunctul s\u0103u la putere. Cu elocven\u021ba \u0219i curajul s\u0103u, Patriarhul a st\u00e2rnit entuziasm \u0219i a \u00eent\u0103rit hot\u0103r\u00e2rea, a f\u0103cut turul capitalei cu ritualuri religioase \u0219i a montat personal zidurile, purt\u00e2nd cu el icoanele M\u00e2ntuitorului \u0219i Fecioarei. A devenit, dup\u0103 cuvintele unui contemporan, coiful, scutul \u0219i sabia capitalei. Un alt contemporan spune: \u201ePatriarhul a continuat s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte for\u021bele \u00eentunericului \u0219i corup\u021biei cu icoanele M\u00e2ntuitorului \u0219i ale Fecioarei p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd groaza \u0219i frica s-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit prin inimile lor. Ori de c\u00e2te ori Patriarhul a afi\u0219at de pe pere\u021bi icoana Mijlocitorului, ocrotitorul capitala, s-au \u00eentors s\u0103 se uite la ea.\u201d<\/p>\n

Per\u0219ii au adunat o flot\u0103 \u0219i au \u00eencercat s\u0103 ajung\u0103 pe coasta european\u0103 prin Bosfor. Dar ei au e\u0219uat pentru c\u0103 navele romane i-au \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiat la Cornul de Aur, \u201edeci a p\u0103tat apele cu s\u00e2ngele lor \u0219i a acoperit marea cu cadavrele lor\u201d. Khaqanul avarilor a atacat zidurile pentru ultima dat\u0103 pe 10 iulie \u0219i s-a retras dezam\u0103git, spun\u00e2nd: \u201eAm v\u0103zut o femeie \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00een cele mai scumpe haine cutreier\u00e2nd zidurile de la \u00eenceput p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219it!\u201d<\/p>\n

Astfel, capitala a fost ferit\u0103 de acest pericol iminent, iar locuitorii ei \u0219i-au atribuit victoria asupra per\u0219ilor \u0219i avarilor Doamnei, protectora \u0219i patrona ora\u0219ului. Patriarhul Serghie a compus celebrul s\u0103u imn, Akathiston, pe care \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eel repet\u0103m \u0219i \u00eel c\u00e2nt\u0103m \u00een a patra melodie p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een fiecare vineri seara din primele cinci s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni din Postul Mare.<\/p>\n

Eu sunt cetatea ta, N\u0103sc\u0103toare de Dumnezeu
V\u0103 scriu steaguri ale victoriei, soldat \u0219i avocat
\u00ce\u021bi mul\u021bumesc ca salvator de adversitate
Dar din moment ce ai m\u00e2ndria care nu lupt\u0103
Elibereaz\u0103-m\u0103 de tot felul de adversit\u0103\u021bi
A\u0219a c\u0103 v\u0103 strig
Bucur\u0103-te, mireas\u0103 care nu are mireas\u0103<\/p>\n

Akathiston este un cuv\u00e2nt grecesc care \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ecel \u00een care nu st\u0103\u201d, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu este permis s\u0103 stai \u00een timp ce \u00eel reci\u021bi. Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au fost diferite \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te sistemul \u0219i istoria sistemelor. Unii dintre ei au spus cele men\u021bionate mai sus, iar al\u021bii au spus altfel, a\u0219a c\u0103 au am\u00e2nat sistemul p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele lui Leon al III-lea (717-741) \u0219i nu au numit organizatorul. Al\u021bii au observat o asem\u0103nare puternic\u0103 \u00eentre aceast\u0103 laud\u0103 \u0219i unele din ceea ce i s-a dat Sf\u00e2ntului Efrem Sirul, au prezentat versurile p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al IV-lea \u0219i au ad\u0103ugat versete care exprim\u0103 victoria de la Constantinopol.<\/p>\n

{Arhiepiscopul onorific al Edesei \u0219i consilierul patriarhal romano-catolic, Kyrios Nauphitos Adelbi, spune \u00een \u201eCartea de rug\u0103ciune\u201d c\u0103 autorul laudelor Fecioarei Maria este Sf\u00e2ntul Roman Psalmistul.}<\/p>\n

Cre\u0219tinizarea evreilor:<\/span><\/strong> Inimile evreilor deveniser\u0103 dependente de Roma de la distrugerea Ierusalimului \u0219i \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tierea republicii, a\u0219a c\u0103 inimile lor erau pline de ur\u0103 \u00eempotriva acesteia. C\u00e2nd Roma a devenit cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i religia sa oficial\u0103 a fost cre\u0219tinismul, evreii au purtat ostilitate fa\u021b\u0103 de ea \u0219i au luptat. A existat haos \u00een timpul domniei lui Foca, iar evreii au pus fr\u00e2nghii ascunse, i-au lovit dureros pe cre\u0219tini \u0219i i-au ajutat pe per\u0219i \u00een invazia lor.<\/p>\n

Pozi\u021bia lui Iustin cu privire la evrei a fost men\u021bionat\u0103 anterior \u0219i, dac\u0103 ni se permite s\u0103 adopt\u0103m o nara\u021biune care avea un singur narator, am spune \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Agapius al-Manbiji c\u0103 Mauricius i-a expulzat pe evrei din Antiohia. Nu este permis s\u0103 spunem \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Teofan, a\u0219a cum am spus mai \u00eenainte, c\u0103 Foca a ordonat botezul evreilor.<\/p>\n

Lui Heraclie i s-a p\u0103rut c\u0103 evreii au motive s\u0103 se fereasc\u0103 de comploturile lor \u0219i s\u0103 fie vigilen\u021bi \u00eempotriva \u00een\u0219el\u0103ciunii lor, dar el nu le-a denun\u021bat ac\u021biunile \u0219i nu le-a dezv\u0103luit r\u0103ul ac\u021biunilor lor dec\u00e2t dup\u0103 \u00eencheierea r\u0103zboiului persan. \u00cen Istoria armean\u0103 a lui Cebeus s-a afirmat c\u0103, la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul r\u0103zboiului persan, Teodor, fratele lui Heraclius, a venit cu armata sa la Edesa \u0219i a \u00eencercat s\u0103 intre \u00een ea, dar evreii l-au \u00eempiedicat, a\u0219a c\u0103 l-a asediat \u0219i aproape i-a ucis. nu a fost interven\u021bia lui Heraclius \u0219i c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul a ordonat plecarea lor din ora\u0219, a\u0219a c\u0103 au fugit \u00eenaintea lui \u0219i s-au refugiat la arabii de\u0219ertului. Heraclie a plecat \u00een Palestina, aduc\u00e2nd Sf\u00e2nta Cruce. A ajuns \u00een Tiberiade \u0219i a fost oaspetele lui Beniamin Evreul, unul dintre conduc\u0103torii ora\u0219ului. Apoi a dezaprobat c\u00e2nd a aflat c\u0103 acest b\u0103tr\u00e2n evreu a participat la persecu\u021bia cre\u0219tinilor, a\u0219a c\u0103 a \u0219i-a p\u0103r\u0103sit casa \u0219i s-a stabilit cu cre\u0219tinul Efestathius din Nabulsi.El l-a for\u021bat pe Benjamin s\u0103 se converteasc\u0103 la cre\u0219tinism, a\u0219a c\u0103 a f\u0103cut-o.<\/p>\n

S-a men\u021bionat \u00een analele lui Eutihie c\u0103 evreii din Galileea au trimis la Tiberiade pe cei care l-au \u00eent\u00e2mpinat pe \u00eemp\u0103ratul biruitor, i-au oferit daruri \u0219i i-au cerut siguran\u021ba. El i-a asigurat cu un certificat oficial care purta sigiliul imperial. Dar dup\u0103 ce a intrat \u00een Ora\u0219ul Sf\u00e2nt, i-a \u00eempins pe evrei departe de el la o distan\u021b\u0103 de trei mile din respect pentru Sf\u00e2nta Cruce. De asemenea, \u00een Analele lui Eutihie se mai spune c\u0103 cre\u0219tinii din Ierusalim i-au spus lui Heraclius tortura \u0219i uciderea aduse lor de evreii ora\u0219ului \u0219i c\u0103 c\u0103lug\u0103rii din Cetatea Sf\u00e2nt\u0103 l-au \u00eendemnat pe \u00eemp\u0103rat s\u0103 chinuiasc\u0103 pe evrei ca pedeaps\u0103 pentru ceea ce f\u0103cuser\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 le-a ordonat s\u0103-l m\u0103celeze. Dar este o afirma\u021bie slab\u0103 care nu trebuie luat\u0103 \u00een considerare.<\/p>\n

\u00cemp\u0103ratul a continuat s\u0103 urmeze legea lui Iustinian \u00een rela\u021biile cu evreii p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 634. \u00cen acea perioad\u0103, triburile arabe au invadat Palestina, dar Serghie nu a putut s\u0103 le reziste, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-a retras \u00een fa\u021ba lor. De \u00eendat\u0103 ce au \u00eenceput s\u0103 se retrag\u0103, evreii s-au oferit voluntari s\u0103-i slujeasc\u0103 pe arabi. Au spionat \u00een numele lor \u0219i le-au transmis informa\u021biile necesare. Ei au intermediat pentru ei \u0219i au cump\u0103rat de la ei banii, bunurile \u0219i prizonierii pe care i-au capturat. Se relateaz\u0103 c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd arabii au preluat controlul asupra insulei Rodos, au r\u0103sturnat faimosul ei idol, una dintre cele \u0219apte minuni, a\u0219a c\u0103 evreii au venit \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i au cump\u0103rat cuprul idolului.<\/p>\n

Heraclius s-a umplut de furie \u0219i s-a \u00eenfuriat, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00een anul 634 a emis un ordin general prin care cerea evreilor s\u0103 fie converti\u021bi la cre\u0219tinism oriunde s-ar afla \u0219i oriunde ar locui. El a trimis soli la regii francilor \u0219i go\u021bilor, explic\u00e2ndu-le r\u0103ul cauzat de evreii care r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een religia lor \u0219i cer\u00e2nd ca ace\u0219tia s\u0103 fie converti\u021bi la cre\u0219tinism cu for\u021ba.<\/p>\n

O ac\u021biune \u0219i o voin\u021b\u0103:<\/span><\/strong> Cucerirea de c\u0103tre per\u0219i a Armeniei, Siriei, Libanului, Palestinei \u0219i Egiptului \u0219i \u0219ederea lor acolo timp de cincisprezece ani, a dus la persecu\u021bia membrilor Bisericii Universale pentru rela\u021bia lor cu Constantinopolul \u0219i pentru aderarea lor la doctrinele P\u0103rin\u021bilor \u0219i Biserica Ortodox\u0103 Universal\u0103.De asemenea, era firesc ca aceasta s\u0103 duc\u0103 la activarea iacobinilor \u0219i a celor care credeau \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 natur\u0103. De fapt, c\u00e2nd Heraclius s-a \u00eentors \u00een aceste \u021b\u0103ri, a constatat c\u0103 to\u021bi patriarhii erau adep\u021bi de aceea\u0219i natur\u0103. A revenit s\u0103 abordeze aceast\u0103 schism\u0103 \u00een biseric\u0103 pentru a unifica cuv\u00e2ntul \u0219i a reuni r\u00e2ndurile, mai ales c\u0103 pericolele \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eenconjura imperiul \u0219i amenin\u021bau existen\u021ba acestuia.<\/p>\n

De asemenea, era firesc ca Patriarhul Serghie s\u0103 simt\u0103 sl\u0103biciunea care a rezultat din aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 de doctrin\u0103, deoarece Patriarhul era sirian prin na\u0219tere \u0219i educa\u021bie iacobit\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 exercita domnia \u0219i cuno\u0219tea secretele lucrurilor din timpul r\u0103zboiului persan.<\/p>\n

Unii cercet\u0103tori cred c\u0103 rostirea unui act a \u00eenceput \u00een Egipt \u00een unele cercuri copte de la \u00eenceputul secolului al VII-lea \u0219i c\u0103 afirma\u021bia unei singure naturi i-a determinat s\u0103 spun\u0103 un act. Eulogie, Patriarhul Ortodox al Alexandriei, a luptat cu putere \u0219i ferm aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd Heraclius \u0219i-a asumat criza de putere \u0219i a \u00eenceput cooperarea \u00eentre el \u0219i Serghie, Patriarhul Ecumenic, i s-a p\u0103rut c\u0103 poate g\u0103si o cale de ie\u0219ire din criza teologic\u0103 care se ad\u00e2nce\u0219te \u0219i o modalitate de a unifica r\u00e2ndurile. El a spus despre dou\u0103 naturi cu p\u0103rin\u021bii Sinodului Calcedonian, dar a trecut de la a spune o ipostaz\u0103 la a spune o ac\u021biune. El a sus\u021binut c\u0103 predecesorul s\u0103u Menas a spus anterior acest lucru \u00eentr-o scrisoare pe care a adresat-o colegului s\u0103u Vigilius, Papa al Romei.<\/p>\n

Nu este un secret pentru niciun ortodox c\u0103 aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie nu este \u00een concordan\u021b\u0103 cu doctrina ortodox\u0103 corect\u0103. \u00cen opinia noastr\u0103, Hristos este Dumnezeu des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it \u0219i om des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it. Natura lui uman\u0103 nu poate fi perfect\u0103, deoarece este deficitar\u0103 \u00een voin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i ac\u021biune. Prin urmare, afirma\u021bia a dou\u0103 naturi necesit\u0103 credin\u021ba \u00een cele dou\u0103 ac\u021biuni \u0219i \u00een cele dou\u0103 voin\u021be \u00een unitate \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 separare. Isus nu a vrut s\u0103 fac\u0103 nimic numai ca Dumnezeu, nici ca El doar om, ci mai degrab\u0103 ca Dumnezeu \u0219i om \u00eempreun\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 amestec sau divizare. Dup\u0103 cum spune Sf\u00e2ntul Maxim M\u0103rturisitorul, dac\u0103 ac\u021biunea ar fi pentru ipostas \u0219i nu pentru natur\u0103, Dumnezeu ar avea trei ac\u021biuni \u0219i, \u00eentruc\u00e2t ac\u021biunea era pentru natur\u0103, Dumnezeu, cele Trei Persoane - c\u0103rora s\u0103 fie slava - ar avea o singur\u0103 ac\u021biune \u0219i o singur\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103. .<\/p>\n

Sergius r\u0103t\u0103ci \u00een v\u0103ile erorii. Declara\u021bia unei ac\u021biuni l-a condus la declararea unei singure voin\u021be. El a fost flexibil \u0219i a deschis mai \u00eent\u00e2i calea \u00een Egipt.La \u00eenceputul domniei sale, a contactat grupurile sale mici \u0219i slabe, Hermeticii \u0219i Echivalenii, \u0219i a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit propagand\u0103 printre ace\u0219tia. Unii dintre ei au fost de acord cu el, a\u0219a c\u0103 c\u0103lug\u0103rul Anastasius a fost nevoit s\u0103-i r\u0103spund\u0103 \u00eentre anul 615 \u0219i anul 630, explic\u00e2nd gre\u0219eala sa \u00een cartea sa \u201eHodegos\u201d. \u00cen anul 615, Serghie l-a contactat pe Theodoros, episcopul de Parana din Sinai, \u0219i i-a explicat p\u0103rerea lui.Theodoros a urmat opinia Patriarhului Ecumenic \u0219i a Maicii Constantinopolului pentru a spori cercet\u0103rile \u0219i explorarea. \u00cen anul 617, George Arsas, \u0219eful sectei pauliciene, a acceptat noua chemare. Patriarhul alexandrin, Ioan cel Milostiv, a vrut s\u0103-l pedepseasc\u0103 pe George pentru gre\u0219eala sa, dar nu a v\u0103zut nicio modalitate de a aduce Egiptul \u00een ascultare de per\u0219i.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 623, Heraclius s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een Armenia cu Pavel, episcopul armenilor din Cipru, \u0219i i-a vorbit despre p\u0103rerea lui Serghie. Serghie ia trimis lui Pavel textul scrisorii lui Menas c\u0103tre Vigilius. Heraclius i-a scris lui Arcadius, Mitropolitul Ciprului, avertiz\u00e2ndu-i despre \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103tura cu dou\u0103 voin\u0163e. \u00cen anul 626, Heraclius a profitat de \u0219ederea sa \u00een Latakia \u0219i a negociat cu Cyrus, episcopul Phasis \u00een \u021bara kurzilor, \u0219i l-a sf\u0103tuit s\u0103-i scrie lui Sergius. Cyrus a acceptat \u0219i i-a scris lui Sergius, care i-a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 a g\u0103sit printre scrisorile unuia dintre str\u0103mo\u0219ii s\u0103i Minas o scrisoare pe care a adresat-o lui Vigilius, Papa al Romei, \u00een care se referea la o singur\u0103 ac\u021biune \u0219i o singur\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103. El a ad\u0103ugat c\u0103 nu \u0219tie de niciunul dintre p\u0103rin\u021bi care s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 viziunea celor dou\u0103 testamente. A\u0219a a spus Kyros despre un singur testament.<\/p>\n

Conferinta Manbij:<\/span><\/strong> Hercule a fost mul\u021bumit de Cyrus \u0219i a devenit mai curajos. A intrat \u00een Edessa \u00een anul 630 \u0219i i-a alungat pe nestorieni din catedrala ei \u0219i a predat-o iacobi\u021bilor. \u00cen ziua de Cr\u0103ciun, aceast\u0103 biseric\u0103 conducea rug\u0103ciunea \u0219i slujea de la Sf\u00e2nta Mas\u0103. Episcopul Isaia s-a ab\u021binut de la comuniunea cu \u00cemp\u0103ratul, stipul\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u00eel respinge pe Toma Leo \u0219i hot\u0103r\u00e2rile Sinodului Calcedonian. Heraclius s-a sup\u0103rat, l-a expulzat pe episcop \u0219i l-a \u00eenlocuit cu altcineva. \u00cen timp ce se afla \u00een Edesa, Heraclius a negociat cu Atanasie din Gamal, patriarhul iacobi\u021bilor, cu privire la chestiunea testamentului unic \u0219i l-a sf\u0103tuit pe Serghie s\u0103-i scrie \u0219i lui.<\/p>\n

Atunci \u00eemp\u0103ratul a decis s\u0103 numeasc\u0103 frumuse\u021bea. S-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit la Manbij \u00een anul 631, iar c\u0103milele au fost \u00eenso\u021bite de doisprezece episcopi, printre care Isaia, eroul romanului Edessa. Cei doi b\u0103tr\u00e2ni au negociat \u0219i au recunoscut Patriarhia lui Atanasie peste Antiohia \u00een schimbul recunoa\u0219terii de c\u0103tre Patriarh a Consiliului Calcedonian. A\u0219a c\u0103 a acceptat frumuse\u021bea. Apoi \u00cemp\u0103ratul l-a chemat pe Kyros \u0219i i-a cerut s\u0103 clarifice problema Voin\u021bei Unice. A f\u0103cut acest lucru, iar Patriarhul a spus ceea ce a spus Kyros, iar un num\u0103r de episcopi \u0219i c\u0103lug\u0103ri l-au urmat \u00een asta. Atanasie a r\u0103mas singur la conducerea Antiohiei p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea sa, pe 26 iulie 631.<\/p>\n

Ibn al-Abri al-Yaqoubi a povestit pe autoritatea lui Dionysius al-Talmahri ceea ce am tradus: C\u00e2nd regele a ajuns la Manbij, Patriarhul Athtasius s-a ar\u0103tat \u00eenaintea lui \u0219i cu el doisprezece episcopi. Le-a cerut tuturor o imagine a credin\u021bei lor. C\u00e2nd a recitat-o, i-a dat cea mai ampl\u0103 laud\u0103, dar nu a neglijat s\u0103-i cear\u0103 s\u0103 accepte Sinodul Calcedonian.Abu, regele s-a sup\u0103rat pe ei \u0219i a scris \u00eentregului regat c\u0103 oricine nu accept\u0103 Sinodul Calcedonian, a lui. nasul va fi t\u0103iat, urechile \u00eei vor fi t\u0103iate \u0219i casa \u00eei va fi luat\u0103. Aceasta este o afirma\u021bie slab\u0103 care nu este acceptat\u0103 de oamenii de \u00eencredere.<\/p>\n

Armenianul Catholicos Azer a venit pe insul\u0103 \u0219i l-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit pe \u00cemp\u0103rat acolo \u0219i a discutat cu el problema Voin\u021bei Unice, iar el a vorbit despre asta. Apoi au m\u00e2ncat \u00eempreun\u0103 \u0219i Catholicos s-a \u00eentors la Assisi propov\u0103duind noua credin\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

C\u0103lug\u0103rii Casei Maron:<\/span><\/strong> Heraclius s-a mutat din Peninsula \u00een nordul Siriei, unde a vizitat Antiohia \u0219i nu a numit un succesor al lui Athanasius El-Gammal. Apoi s-a dus \u00een ora\u0219e \u0219i m\u0103n\u0103stiri \u0219i a fost primit acolo cu o primire bun\u0103 \u0219i deplin\u0103. La sosirea lui \u00een Homs, c\u0103lug\u0103rii Casei de Marun s-au gr\u0103bit s\u0103-i \u00eent\u00e2mpine sosirea, a\u0219a c\u0103 le-a onorat beneficiul \u0219i le-a acordat terenuri vaste. Se pare c\u0103 i-au acceptat invita\u021bia \u0219i l-au sus\u021binut. Cum s\u0103 nu-l sus\u021bin\u0103 c\u00e2nd el era rege \u0219i ei erau regali\u0219tii? \u201e\u0218i dac\u0103 ar fi vrut, i-ar fi \u00eenfruntat pe inovatori (iacobi\u021bii) cu severitate, nu cu clemen\u021b\u0103, dar din moment ce regele a luat clemen\u021b\u0103, face\u021bi cei doi regii trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 orice, dar s\u0103 urmeze acela\u0219i plan!\u201d De aceea Mihai Sirul a spus: \u201e\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te c\u0103lug\u0103rii maroni\u021bi din Manbij, Homs \u0219i din \u021b\u0103rile tribale, ei \u0219i-au ar\u0103tat ma\u0219ina\u021biunile. Mul\u021bi dintre ei au acceptat soborul \u0219i au preluat majoritatea bisericilor \u0219i m\u0103n\u0103stirilor\u201d. Sinodul la care se face referire \u00een acest text este Sinodul Calcedonian, nodul de noduri \u00een ochii lui Mihail \u0219i ai iacobi\u021bilor. Sensul inten\u021bionat este c\u0103 monahii M\u0103n\u0103stirii Sf\u00e2ntul Maron au acceptat solu\u021bia propus\u0103 de Heraclius, adic\u0103 au acceptat zicerea a dou\u0103 naturi cu Sinodul de la Calcedon \u0219i a unei singure voin\u021be cu Serghie \u0219i Heraclie. \u0218i-au ar\u0103tat viclenia \u0219i au pus m\u00e2na pe majoritatea bisericilor \u0219i m\u0103n\u0103stirilor. Nu este un secret pentru nimeni c\u0103 monahii Sf\u00e2ntului Maron acceptaser\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Sinodului de la Calcedon \u00eenc\u0103 de la apari\u021bia acestuia \u0219i c\u0103 au sacrificat trei sute cincizeci de c\u0103lug\u0103ri ca martiri pentru aceast\u0103 declara\u021bie. Dac\u0103 Mihai \u00eenseamn\u0103 prin textul s\u0103u c\u0103 c\u0103lug\u0103rii Sf\u00e2ntului Maron au acceptat doar zicala a dou\u0103 naturi, atunci primirea lor a lui Heraclius \u00een Homs devine o form\u0103 de curtoazie care nu merit\u0103 \u201eexproprierea unor teritorii vaste\u201d \u0219i nu le d\u0103 dreptul la \u201e pune st\u0103p\u00e2nire pe cele mai multe dintre biserici \u0219i m\u0103n\u0103stiri.\u201d Heraclius dorea o a\u0219ezare larg\u0103 \u0219i unificarea r\u00e2ndurilor, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-a oferit s\u0103 spun\u0103 o singur\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i dou\u0103 naturi pentru a-l potoli: iacobi\u021bi, armeni \u0219i cop\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Nu este permis s\u0103 fim siguri despre oricare dintre cele de mai sus, deoarece toate referin\u021bele noastre \u00eent\u00e2rzie. Dionisie din Talmahri, de la care a fost luat Mihai Sirul, a fost unul dintre marcan\u021bii secolului al IX-lea (815-845).Opera sa s-a pierdut \u0219i doar ceea ce a r\u0103mas din ea a fost ceea ce a fost rezumat de Mihail Sirul \u0219i al\u021bii. Acest Mihail s-a n\u0103scut la Malatya \u00een anul 1126, s-a c\u0103lug\u0103rit \u00een M\u0103n\u0103stirea Sf\u00e2ntul Barsoum \u0219i a fost hirotonit Patriarh al Iacobi\u021bilor \u00een anul 1166. A murit \u00een toamna anului 1199. Eutychios este Saeed, fiul Patriarhului. , Patriarhul Alexandriei din anul 933 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 940. Dac\u0103 nu este \u00eeng\u0103duit s\u0103 fii sigur de autenticitatea acestor nara\u021biuni \u201eindependente \u0219i monolitice\u201d \u201eDe asemenea, nu este \u00eeng\u0103duit s\u0103 le ignor\u0103m pe toate sau pe unele dintre ele, precum unii p\u0103rin\u021bi, rabinii \u0219i al\u021bii care erau preocupa\u021bi de istoria maroni\u021bilor au f\u0103cut-o. Vom reveni la asta c\u00e2nd vom vorbi despre apari\u021bia unei Patriarhii Maronite independente.<\/p>\n

Persia, Armenia \u0219i Egipt:<\/span><\/strong> Nu este \u0219tiin\u021bific, dup\u0103 toate acestea, s\u0103 spunem \u00eempreun\u0103 cu episcopul Youssef Derian, \u201ec\u0103 monoteismul nu a avut niciun efect \u00een forma sa cunoscut\u0103 \u00een toat\u0103 Siria \u00eenainte de invazia arab\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 nu mai era loc pentru a intra dup\u0103 invazie. \u201d Ar putea fi util s\u0103 men\u021bion\u0103m aici entuziasmul unuia dintre episcopii de Damasc pentru acela\u0219i monoteism \u0219i mersul lui \u00een Persia \u00eenainte de invazia arab\u0103 pentru a predica acolo noua solu\u021bie. \u00cen timp ce Heraclius se afla \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een Alep, o delega\u021bie persan\u0103 format\u0103 din Catholicos \u0219i c\u00e2\u021biva episcopi i-a ap\u0103rut \u0219i i-a explicat \u00eemp\u0103ratului bazele credin\u021bei \u00een Persia, \u00eemp\u0103ratul a acceptat \u0219i a participat cu delega\u021bia la rug\u0103ciune \u0219i comuniune. Heraclius \u0219i-a \u00eencheiat turul \u00een Siria \u0219i s-a \u00eentors pe insul\u0103.\u00cen Edessa, a aflat c\u0103 cercurile armene nu au fost unanime \u00een sprijinirea Catholicosului \u00een noua sa func\u021bie \u00een Sinodul Calcedonian, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul i-a instruit pe Catholicos s\u0103 invite episcopii la o nou\u0103 consiliul s\u0103 decid\u0103 asupra chestiunii. Episcopii s-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een Karen (\u021aara Rumului) \u00een anul 633 \u0219i \u0219i-au reiterat sprijinul pentru \u0219eful bisericii lor.<\/p>\n

Monofizi\u021bii din Egipt au profitat de situa\u021bia persan\u0103 \u0219i au c\u00e2\u0219tigat controlul asupra Cezareei Alexandriei, iar patriarhul lor a stat acolo. Gheorghe a fost hirotonit Patriarh al Alexandriei \u00een anul 621, dar nu a putut s\u0103 soseasc\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 a r\u0103mas la Constantinopol \u0219i a murit acolo \u00een anul 631. Heraclius a fost impresionat de talentele lui Kyros \u0219i de impulsul s\u0103u pentru o singur\u0103 ac\u021biune \u0219i o singur\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 a l-a f\u0103cut Patriarh \u0219i Guvernator al Egiptului. Abia ajunsese la ea \u00een toamna anului 631 c\u00e2nd Beniamin, patriarhul monofizi\u021bilor, a fugit \u0219i s-a ascuns. Atmosfera sa limpezit pentru Kyros, a\u0219a c\u0103 a scris o m\u0103rturisire a credin\u021bei sale \u00een Voin\u021ba Unic\u0103 \u0219i a cerut monofizi\u021bilor s\u0103 fie de acord cu aceasta. Suwayrienii l-au acceptat imediat \u0219i au devenit patriarhul. Iulienii l-au respins, iar Patriarhul i-a h\u0103r\u021buit. Ei au fugit \u0219i a\u0219teptau cu ner\u0103bdare un fel de salvare \u00een mi\u0219carea de invazie islamic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Patriarhul Sofronie:<\/span><\/strong> Biserica din Damasc d\u0103duse na\u0219tere unui t\u00e2n\u0103r zelos, marele Sofronie. Sofronius \u00eenv\u0103\u021base \u0219i predase retorica \u0219i \u0219i-a asumat titlul de \u00cen\u021belept. Apoi \u0219i-a f\u0103cut jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00een Alexandria, a purtat o masc\u0103 acolo \u0219i s-a al\u0103turat unuia dintre ordinele sale monahale. Apoi \u0219i-a pus talentele la dispozi\u021bia patriarhilor s\u0103i drepti, ajut\u00e2ndu-i pe Aflogius, Theodoros \u0219i Ioan cel Milostiv \u00een \u00eencercarea lor de a-i ghida pe monofizi\u021bi. C\u00e2nd per\u0219ii au ajuns \u00een Egipt, Sofronius a plecat \u0219i s-a \u00eendreptat spre Cartagina \u0219i Roma. Apoi crucea s-a \u00eentors la Ierusalim, a\u0219a c\u0103 Sofronie s-a \u00eentors la r\u0103s\u0103rit, chiar \u00een Palestina, \u0219i a meditat \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stirea Sf\u00e2ntului Teodosie de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Betleem.<\/p>\n

Cirus era sortit s\u0103 reu\u0219easc\u0103 \u00een Egipt, a\u0219a c\u0103 vestea succesului s\u0103u \u00een Palestina s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een cercurile monahale \u0219i a ajuns la urechile lui Sofronius, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-l s\u0103 doarm\u0103. A contat s\u0103 plece \u00eensu\u0219i \u00een Egipt pentru a-l contacta pe Kyros \u0219i a-l proteja de eroare. Nu-i p\u0103sa de greut\u0103\u021bile c\u0103l\u0103toriei \u0219i ajunsese la v\u00e2rsta de optzeci \u0219i patru de ani, a\u0219a c\u0103 a mers \u00een Egipt \u0219i a plecat imediat la Alexandria \u0219i a c\u0103zut la picioarele patriarhului ei, sper\u00e2nd s\u0103 renun\u021be la declara\u021bia unei ac\u021biuni \u0219i una. voi. Dar Kyros nu a fost de acord cu opinia lui, a\u0219a c\u0103 b\u0103tr\u00e2nul c\u0103lug\u0103r \u0219i-a anun\u021bat inten\u021bia de a c\u0103l\u0103tori la Constantinopol pentru a discuta problema cu Serghie \u00eensu\u0219i. Kyros i-a oferit o copie a celor distribuite pe tema uniunii \u0219i i-a cerut s\u0103 o prezinte colegului s\u0103u Constantinopol.<\/p>\n

Sofronius a ajuns \u00een capital\u0103 \u0219i l-a contactat pe patriarhul acesteia \u0219i a discutat cu el. Cei doi au convenit s\u0103 noteze ceea ce au spus pentru a exprima sensul \u0219i a-l prezenta consiliului permanent de la Constantinopol. Consiliul s-a uitat la ceea ce este dedesubt \u0219i a spus c\u0103 este necesar s\u0103 se evite certurile verbale \u0219i s\u0103 se adere la hot\u0103r\u00e2rile consiliilor. Sofronius s-a \u00eentors la m\u0103n\u0103stirea sa din Betleem.<\/p>\n

La \u00eentoarcerea venerabilului \u0219eic la sediul s\u0103u din Betleem, s-a pus problema succesiunii lui Iacov, fratele Domnului. Scaunul era \u00eenc\u0103 vacant de la moartea lui Modestus la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 630. C\u00e2nd Sofronius a excelat \u00een ap\u0103rarea dreptei credin\u021be, a fost ales patriarh al Ierusalimului. Savan\u021bii au fost diferite \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te data acestei alegeri, iar c\u0103rturarul P\u0103rintele Van San Dominicanul a spus c\u0103 a avut loc \u00een anul 636. Al\u021bii nu au fost de acord cu el \u0219i au stabilit anul 634 ca dat\u0103 a acestei alegeri. Ceea ce a reie\u0219it din aceast\u0103 numire a fost c\u0103 predarea c\u00e2rjei a avut loc \u00eenainte de Cr\u0103ciun \u0219i c\u0103 noul patriarh nu a putut s\u0103-i conduc\u0103 pe credincio\u0219i la Betleem din cauza apari\u021biei arabilor \u00een suburbiile sale \u0219i a lipsei de securitate.<\/p>\n

Obiceiul \u0219i tradi\u021bia cereau ca noul patriarh \u0219i consiliul s\u0103u s\u0103 trimit\u0103 mesaje de salut celorlal\u021bi patriarhi care anun\u021b\u0103 noile alegeri \u0219i transmit o declara\u021bie de credin\u021b\u0103 a patriarhului ales. Sofronius a convocat Consiliul de la Ierusalim \u0219i a informat membrii acestuia cu privire la textul credin\u021bei sale, apoi a adresat scrisorile patriarhilor. \u00cen scrisoarea sa de pace c\u0103tre Serghie, existau cuvinte clare despre Treime \u0219i \u00eentrupare, o declara\u021bie clar\u0103 despre cele dou\u0103 voin\u021be \u0219i cele dou\u0103 naturi \u0219i o speran\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 Apocrisarius va fi trimis s\u0103 duc\u0103 r\u0103spunsul \u0219i s\u0103 reprezinte patriarhul la Ierusalim.<\/p>\n

Serghie \u0219i Honorius:<\/span><\/strong> Maximus de Constantinopol a cerut acela\u0219i lucru ca \u0219i Sofronius. Serghie a fost speriat \u0219i deranjat \u0219i a \u00eempiedicat grupul s\u0103u s\u0103 studieze problema. I-a scris papei Honorius pentru a-\u0219i clarifica opinia. Papa i-a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te voin\u021ba, el recunoa\u0219te o singur\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103 \u00een Hristos - \u201eUnde et unam voluntatem fatemur\u201d - \u0219i \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te ac\u021biunea, nu permite nim\u0103nui s\u0103 men\u021bioneze nici o ac\u021biune, nici dou\u0103 ac\u021biuni. Sofronius a \u021binut Sinodul de la Ierusalim \u0219i a \u00eenm\u00e2nat scrisorile sale de pace patriarhilor.Papa a fost tulburat \u0219i ia scris despre semnifica\u021bia primei sale scrisori. Heraclius a sus\u021binut pozi\u021bia lui Honorius, Sergius \u0219i Cyrus cu privire la problema a dou\u0103 verbe, a\u0219a c\u0103 a emis un decret sunnit \u00een anul 634-635 \u00een care a interzis cercetarea unui verb \u0219i a dou\u0103 verbe.<\/p>\n

Achthysis:<\/span><\/strong> (638) Heraclius a \u00eenceput problema arabilor \u0219i a cuceririlor lor \u0219i aproape c\u0103 i-a fr\u00e2nt inima.A avut o dorin\u021b\u0103 ferm\u0103 de a unifica r\u00e2ndurile \u0219i a crezut c\u0103 o astfel de unire va fi realizat\u0103 odat\u0103 cu emiterea unui decret regal. Sofronius a murit \u00een anul 638, anul \u00een care arabii au intrat \u00een Ora\u0219ul Sf\u00e2nt. \u00cemp\u0103ratul a emis o Ekthesis a Adev\u0103rata Credin\u021b\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 638, pe care a vrut s\u0103 o accepte \u0219i s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze asupra lor.<\/p>\n

Cel mai important lucru care a rezultat din aceasta a fost declara\u021bia Consiliului Calcedonian cu privire la Treime \u0219i \u00eentruparea divin\u0103, interzicerea cercet\u0103rii \u00een una sau dou\u0103 ac\u021biuni \u0219i necesitatea de a spune o voin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i dou\u0103 naturi f\u0103r\u0103 amestecare sau separare.<\/p>\n

Sergius a \u021binut un consiliu local \u00een anul 638, i-a ratificat pe Akathistes \u0219i apoi a murit. Pyrrhus i-a urmat. El a participat la preg\u0103tirea textului Ikthysisului \u0219i l-a aprobat cu aprobarea predecesorului s\u0103u, Sergius. Sophronius a fost succedat \u00een scaunul din Ierusalim de Sergius de Yafawi, care a spus despre un singur testament. Macedonie, Patriarhul Antiohiei, \u00eenc\u0103 mai locuia la Constantinopol din cauza condi\u021biilor tulburi din Siria \u0219i restul provinciei de est, a\u0219a c\u0103 a sus\u021binut Ikthysis \u0219i a spus despre un singur testament.<\/p>\n

Textul Ikthysis a fost dus la Alexandria \u0219i la Magistros Ephestatius, iar Cir s-a bucurat \u0219i a \u00eenveselit. Honorius a murit \u00een toamna anului 638 \u0219i a fost succedat \u00een Sf\u00e2ntul Scaun de Severinus. Severinus l-a trimis pe Apocrisarius la Constantinopol pentru a informa curtea \u0219i patriarhia despre alegerea sa \u0219i pentru a-i cere \u00eemp\u0103ratului s\u0103 ratifice alegerea \u0219i s\u0103 permit\u0103 predarea c\u00e2rjei. Heraclius a stipulat recunoa\u0219terea con\u021binutului aktizei \u00eenainte de ratificare. Acest pap\u0103 a murit \u00een anul 640 \u0219i nu a interzis rostirea unui testament. C\u00e2t despre succesorul s\u0103u, Ioan al IV-lea (640-642), a \u021binut un consiliu local \u0219i a interzis declararea unui singur testament.<\/p>\n

Toate aceste evenimente au deschis calea pentru invazia arabo-islamic\u0103, deoarece r\u0103zboiul persan a sl\u0103bit Imperiul Roman \u0219i au existat oameni care au vrut s\u0103-l atace \u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i ia independen\u021ba fa\u021b\u0103 de el, cum ar fi iacobi\u021bii - siriacii - din Siria, cop\u021bii din Egipt, arabii - iacobi\u021bii - prezen\u021bi \u00een sudul Siriei, Iordan \u0219i Palestina \u0219i evreii. Sper\u00e2nd c\u0103 arabo-musulmanii le vor acorda drepturi mai bune dec\u00e2t le aveau sub Imperiul Roman. Pe care l-au v\u0103zut ca un du\u0219man al credin\u021bei dup\u0103 respingerea Sinodului de la Calcedon.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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