{"id":648,"date":"2009-02-23T23:19:21","date_gmt":"2009-02-23T23:19:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/christianity-and-the-arabs\/"},"modified":"2009-02-23T23:19:21","modified_gmt":"2009-02-23T23:19:21","slug":"christianity-and-the-arabs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/christianity-and-the-arabs\/","title":{"rendered":"Cre\u0219tinismul \u0219i arabii"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cre\u0219tinismul \u0219i arab\u0103:<\/span><\/strong> Araba, conform obiceiului bisericii, este statul romano-arab care a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat \u00een anul 105 \u00een jurul ora\u0219ului Busra. Include tot ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00eentre Wadi Al-Hasa \u00een sud \u0219i Al-Laja \u00een nord \u0219i \u00eentre Marea Moart\u0103 \u0219i Iordanul de la vest p\u00e2n\u0103 la marginea de\u0219ertului \u00een est.<\/p>\n

Tradi\u021bia spune c\u0103 Joses, fratele lui Iacov \u0219i Iuda, a predicat \u00een Daraa \u0219i a fost martirizat acolo \u0219i c\u0103 Timon, unul dintre cei \u0219apte diaconi, a predicat \u00een Busra \u0219i a fost episcop peste ea \u0219i c\u0103 Iosif din Arimateea, care a avut cinstea a preg\u0103tirii Domnului, propov\u0103duit\u0103 \u00een Decapolis din estul Iordanului.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul secolului al treilea, \u00eendoielile au fost \u00eenl\u0103turate \u0219i \u00eendoielile au fost \u00eenl\u0103turate. Vocea Evangheliei va r\u0103suna \u00een Busra, iar Origen din Alexandria va merge acolo pentru a lua \u00een considerare c\u00e2te ceva din ceea ce spusese episcopul s\u0103u, Perlus. Pavel de Samisati a spus o declara\u021bie condamn\u0103toare, iar episcopii s-au adunat \u00een Antiohia pentru a cerceta erezia lui Maximus, episcopul de Bosra, a reprezentat limba arab\u0103 timp de aproximativ patru ani (264-168). Cu toate acestea, adoptarea cre\u0219tinismului r\u0103m\u00e2ne lent\u0103, iar majoritatea cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare r\u0103m\u00e2n p\u0103g\u00e2ni de-a lungul secolului al IV-lea Doar cinci episcopi au venit la Constantinopol \u00een anul 381 pentru a participa la lucrarea Sinodului al doilea ecumenic, episcopii din Bosra, Daraa, Suwayda. Buraq \u0219i Sheikh Miskin sau Khan al-Nila Apoi num\u0103rul lor a crescut la \u0219aptesprezece \u00een Sinodul al patrulea ecumenic din 451. Episcopii de Daraa, Ainah, Qanat, Buraq al-Laja, Suwayda, Sanamayn \u0219i Hasban stau la Calcedon. \u0218i Aftimiya, Jerash, Madaba, Al-Shaqa, Khan Al-Nila, Sheikh Maskin, Nawa, Amman, Al-Shahba \u0219i Adhara\u2019.<\/p>\n

Credincio\u0219ii au concurat \u00een limba arab\u0103 de la mijlocul secolului al V-lea p\u00e2n\u0103 la invazia islamic\u0103 \u00een domeniul construc\u021biilor. Ei transform\u0103 templele din Jerash, canalele, Shaqa, Busra al-Hariri \u0219i Adhraa \u00een biserici. \u00cen anul 512, Iulian, Mitropolitul Bosrei, a finalizat o catedral\u0103 magnific\u0103 \u0219i maiestuoas\u0103. Serghie, Episcopul Madaba, se gr\u0103be\u0219te s\u0103 zideasc\u0103 Biserica Apostolilor \u00een anul 578. \u00cen anul 603, p\u0103rintele Leon\u021biu \u00eenfiin\u021beaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 biseric\u0103 \u00een Madaba \u0219i completeaz\u0103 ceea ce Serghie a \u00eenfiin\u021bat \u00een patria sa. Apoi a trecut la formularea \u201em\u0103n\u0103stirii \u00een aramaic\u0103\u201d \u0219i a reu\u0219it s\u0103 finalizeze biserica ei mare. Apoi, biserici \u0219i m\u0103n\u0103stiri se ridic\u0103 peste tot pe toat\u0103 lungimea \u0219i latitudinea acestei dieceze arabe.<\/p>\n

Arabii beduini:<\/span><\/strong> Nu cunoa\u0219tem primul credincios beduin. Nu \u0219tim c\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput epoca cre\u0219tinismului \u00een de\u0219ert Poate cea mai veche \u0219tire este o poveste transmis\u0103 de Sf\u00e2ntul Ieronim care preveste\u0219te respectul clanurilor de beduini din regiunea Gaza pentru persoana lui Ilarion Sihastrul (291-371). ata\u0219amentul lor fa\u021b\u0103 de el \u0219i convertirea lor la cre\u0219tinism prin el. Una dintre cele mai vechi nara\u021biuni de acest fel este povestea maoismului beduin, care l-a luptat pe Walens (364-378) \u0219i i-a provocat pierderi grele C\u00e2nd a venit vremea \u00eemp\u0103c\u0103rii \u0219i a \u00een\u021belegerii, ea a stipulat ca \u201eMusa\u201d s\u0103 fie episcop al clanului ei . Walens a fost de acord \u0219i a ordonat asta, a\u0219a c\u0103 Moise pustnic a fost transferat la Alexandria pentru a fi hirotonit episcop de c\u0103tre Luvius al Alexandriei. Moise nu a fost mul\u021bumit pentru c\u0103 a aderat la credin\u021ba ortodox\u0103. Episcopul Niceei a fost adus \u0219i hirotonit episcop. A locuit \u00een de\u0219ert, \u00eengrijindu-se de treburile maoismului \u0219i ale clanurilor sale.<\/p>\n

Istoricul Suzmines spune c\u0103 unul dintre c\u0103lug\u0103ri s-a rugat lui Dumnezeu s\u0103-i acorde lui Zaqqum, \u0219eicul unuia dintre triburile din de\u0219ert, un fiu b\u0103rbat \u0219i c\u0103 Dumnezeu a dat curs cererii acestui c\u0103lug\u0103r, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u0219eicul Zaqqum \u0219i to\u021bi adep\u021bii s\u0103i au devenit cre\u0219tini \u0219i c\u0103 Zaqqum \u0219i poporul s\u0103u au devenit cele mai loiale dintre triburile arabe Romei \u00een conflictul acesteia cu Persia.<\/p>\n

\u00cen \u0219tirea lui Chiril din Pisani, un grup de beduini a intrat \u00een pustnicii din regiunea Ierihon la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 420 \u0219i c\u0103 pustnicii erau \u00eengrozi\u021bi \u0219i \u00eengrijora\u021bi de fric\u0103. Seicul lor, Asdabet, a cerut s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 cu \u0219eful pustnicilor, Eftimios cel Mare. Avea un fiu schilod, \u201e\u00een care nici trucurile doctorilor, nici sofisticarea vr\u0103jitorilor nu au reu\u0219it. A\u0219a c\u0103 Euthymius l-a binecuv\u00e2ntat pe b\u0103iatul schilod \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 mearg\u0103\u201d. Dumnezeu \u0219i-a \u00eencununat lucrarea cu succes, a\u0219a c\u0103 Eupinalius, episcopul Ierusalimului, l-a numit episcop al Muharraqului. El luase drept mijlocitor pe Apostolul Petru, a\u0219a c\u0103 a fost numit Episcop Petru. El i-a reprezentat pe cre\u0219tinii Palestinei la Sinodul de la Efes \u0219i l-a semnat astfel: \u201ePetru, episcopul de Mudarib, infirmul Tarboun a devenit un b\u0103tr\u00e2n al clanului \u0219i a fost succedat de copiii \u0219i nepo\u021bii s\u0103i\u201d. Unul dintre ace\u0219tia Tarboun al II-lea a fost menit s\u0103-i transmit\u0103 acest roman lui Chiril din Pi\u0219ani \u0219i a devenit nemuritor \u00een opera sa. Un num\u0103r de membri ai acestui clan au f\u0103cut jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul, inclusiv Maria, care a condus schitul din Ierihon \u0219i a murit \u00een anul 448. Nu este un secret c\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Ilie, Patriarhul Ierusalimului, a fost \u0219i beduin arab. \u00cen acela\u0219i secol, Hoda Nanous, episcopul de Baalbek, a trimis treizeci de mii de beduini.<\/p>\n

Ghasanide:<\/span><\/strong> S-a men\u021bionat \u00een genealogii c\u0103 Ghasanizii au c\u0103l\u0103torit din Yemen la Tihama \u0219i au locuit acolo \u00eentre \u021binuturile a\u0219ari\u021bilor \u0219i Ak, pe o ap\u0103 numit\u0103 Ghassan, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-au fost atribui\u021bi. Ei au cobor\u00e2t la periferia Levantului, care con\u021binea Dajja'im din Quda'ah, \u0219i i-au \u00eenvins \u00een ciuda a ceea ce era \u00een m\u00e2inile lor \u0219i \u0219i-au stabilit o conducere \u00een Balqa' \u0219i Hauran \u00een regiunea numit\u0103 Arabia. . To\u021bi oamenii din aceast\u0103 regiune au crezut \u00een Hristos, a\u0219a cum am ar\u0103tat mai sus.<\/p>\n

Ghasanizii au petrecut mult timp in timp ce romanilor nu le pasa de ei pentru ca nu aveau nevoie de sprijinul lor. Presiunea barbarilor s-a intensificat, iar per\u0219ii au devenit \u00eengrijora\u021bi. Romanii s-au sim\u021bit slabi \u0219i i-au v\u0103zut pe per\u0219i cer\u00e2nd ajutor de la arabii din Al-Hira, a\u0219a c\u0103 au fost nevoi\u021bi s\u0103 solicite ajutorul arabilor din Arabia \u0219i din \u00eemprejurimile sale. aten\u021bia s-a \u00eendreptat c\u0103tre Ghasanids. Primul dintre prin\u021bii din Ghassan care a fost men\u021bionat \u00een slujba romanilor a fost Jableh \u0219i s-a raportat c\u0103 a \u00een\u0103bu\u0219it o revolt\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-au acordat rangul de filarh \u0219i l-au f\u0103cut guvernator al Petrei. Acest Jiblah este, \u00een opinia lui Theodor Noldeke, tat\u0103l lui Al-Harith Ibn Jiblah, cel mai mare dintre regii Ghassan \u0219i cel mai men\u021bionat \u00een referin\u021bele romane. Al-Harith Al-Ghasani s-a luptat cu Al-Mundhir, regele Al-Hira, \u00een anul 528. Romanii au c\u0103utat ajutor de la el pentru a \u00een\u0103bu\u0219i revolta samariteanului \u0219i el a c\u00e2\u0219tigat. Au fost impresiona\u021bi de curajul lui \u0219i au f\u0103cut tot posibilul s\u0103-l apropie \u0219i s\u0103-l promoveze, a\u0219a c\u0103 Philarchos a devenit general \u0219i pinguin. \u00cen anul 541, Al-Harith a luptat \u00een Irak al\u0103turi de romani \u0219i a traversat Tigrul \u00een fruntea grupului s\u0103u, apoi a revenit la pozi\u021bia anterioar\u0103 pe o alt\u0103 cale dec\u00e2t cea urmat\u0103 de romani. Unii romani se \u00eendoiau de sinceritatea lui. \u00cen anul 563, Al-Harith a c\u0103l\u0103torit la Constantinopol pentru a negocia cu curtea cine i-ar urma \u00eentre fiii s\u0103i \u0219i ce m\u0103suri ar trebui luate pentru a rezista lui Amr, regele Al-Hira. C\u00e2nd a v\u0103zut manifest\u0103rile m\u0103re\u021biei, a avut un mare impact asupra lui. La fel, el, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, a avut o influen\u021b\u0103 puternic\u0103 asupra locuitorilor capitalei, \u00een special asupra lui Iustinian, cumnatul lui Iustinian. C\u00e2nd Justinus \u0219i-a pierdut min\u021bile dup\u0103 ce a preluat tronul, oamenii de la curte obi\u0219nuiau s\u0103-l sperie cu Al-Harith Arabul ori de c\u00e2te ori d\u0103dea dovad\u0103 de nesupunere sau nes\u0103buin\u021b\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 i-au spus: \u201eFii \u00een\u021belept, \u00eel vom chema pe Al-Harith\u201d.<\/p>\n

Al-Harith i-a sus\u021binut pe monofizi\u021bi \u0219i nu a cru\u021bat niciun efort pentru a-i ap\u0103ra \u0219i pentru a-i elibera de persecu\u021bie. \u00cen anul 542-543, el a putut s\u0103-\u0219i \u00eemplineasc\u0103 speran\u021ba \u00een fa\u021ba \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103tesei Teodora numind pe Iacov ElBaradei \u0219i pe tovar\u0103\u0219ul s\u0103u Theodoros ca episcopi \u00een arab\u0103 sau \u00een alt\u0103 parte. Astfel, temeliile Bisericii Iacobite au fost \u00eent\u0103rite. Din spusele lui Ioan din Efes reiese c\u0103 Al-Harith a c\u0103utat s\u0103 rezolve problemele doctrinare \u0219i personale dintre clerul iacobit \u0219i clerul Bisericii Ortodoxe universale, dar f\u0103r\u0103 rezultat. Savantul Theodor Noldeke crede c\u0103 Al-Harith nu \u0219i-a dat seama de realitatea problemelor pe care se \u00eenv\u00e2rteau aceste conflicte, ci mai degrab\u0103 a fost motivat de factorul politic s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 doctrina care a fost urmat\u0103 de majoritatea oamenilor din emiratul s\u0103u.<\/p>\n

Nu trebuie uitat c\u0103 prin\u021bii din Ghassan nu au fost de acord cu o singur\u0103 natur\u0103. Rug\u0103ciunea pentru Al-Mundhir Ibn Al-Harith, care a fost g\u0103sit gravat pe o piatr\u0103 \u00eentr-una din zonele din Palmyra sau Al-Nabk, include o fraz\u0103 foarte important\u0103 care spune urm\u0103toarele: \u201e\u0218i c\u0103l\u0103uze\u0219te pe cel r\u0103t\u0103cit dintre fra\u021bii s\u0103i c\u0103tre cunoa\u0219terea adev\u0103rului, Dumnezeule Atotputernic.\u201d Dac\u0103 men\u021bion\u0103m c\u0103 acest text include \u0219i o referire \u201ela cei doi episcopi respecta\u021bi \u0219i sfin\u021bi\u201d, Iacov ElBaradei \u0219i tovar\u0103\u0219ul s\u0103u Theodorus, devine clar c\u0103 ceea ce se \u00een\u021belege prin \u00een\u0219el\u0103ciunea fra\u021bilor Al-Mundhir este apartenen\u021ba lor la ortodoc\u0219ii universali. Biserica \u0219i credin\u021ba lor \u00een dou\u0103 naturi cu ea.<\/p>\n

Al-Harith Ibn Jabla a murit \u00een anul 569 sau la \u00eenceputul anilor 570, iar fiul s\u0103u Al-Mundhir a preluat fr\u00e2iele puterii dup\u0103 el. S-a dus s\u0103 lupte cu Qaboos, regele Al-Hira, pentru c\u0103 profitase de ocazie de moartea lui Al-Harith la raid. Al-Mundhir Ibn Al-Harith l-a \u00eenvins pe Qaboos la Ain Abagh \u00een de\u0219ert \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 570. Ceea ce ne spun referin\u021bele despre acest prin\u021b Ghassani este c\u0103, la \u00eenceputul domniei sale, a \u021binut un consiliu local pentru a analiza triteismul \u0219i i-a condamnat ca eretici. El a fost unul dintre cei care au luat deciziile sale, \u201ecel mai glorios preot al pinguinului, vestitorul \u0219i iubitor de Hristos\u201d, \u0219i se pare c\u0103 era preotul cur\u021bii prin\u021bului. \u00cemp\u0103ratul Justinus nu era mul\u021bumit de Al-Mundhir din motive pe care nu le cunoa\u0219tem, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u0219i-a instruit angajatul, pinguinul Marcian, s\u0103-l \u00een\u0219ele \u0219i s\u0103-l omoare. Al-Mundhir a sim\u021bit asta, a\u0219a c\u0103 a rupt b\u0103\u021bul ascult\u0103rii. Arabii din Al-Hira au atacat propriet\u0103\u021bile romane. Romanii l-au lini\u0219tit pe avertizator \u0219i nu au fost de acord s\u0103 negocieze dec\u00e2t la morm\u00e2ntul Sf\u00e2ntului Serghie din Rusafa din cauza cinstei \u0219i respectului de care se bucura acest sf\u00e2nt printre sirieni. La 8 februarie 580, Al-Mundhir a sosit cu doi dintre fii s\u0103i la Constantinopol, unde a primit o primire c\u0103lduroas\u0103, iar \u00eemp\u0103ratul Tiberius i-a d\u0103ruit o coroan\u0103 \u00een loc de coroan\u0103. Al-Mundhir a profitat de aceast\u0103 ocazie \u0219i a c\u0103utat s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 iertare pentru iacobi\u021bii care i-au urmat secta. Istoricul Ghassanid, savantul Theodor N\u00f6ldeke, consider\u0103 c\u0103 nu este permis s\u0103 se acorde o mare importan\u021b\u0103 declara\u021biei lui Ioan din Efes (4:21 \u0219i 36) c\u0103 triburile arabe din Siria erau adepte fanatici ai doctrinei unei singure naturi, \u201e pentru c\u0103 asta nu i-ar fi \u00eempiedicat pe cei mai mul\u021bi dintre ei s\u0103 intre \u00een Islam dup\u0103 cincizeci sau \u0219aizeci de ani\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 580, Mauricius al Anatoliei a decis s\u0103 invadeze, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Al-Mundhir, una dintre provinciile persane. De \u00eendat\u0103 ce a f\u0103cut acest lucru, a g\u0103sit podul mare de pe Eufrat distrus, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-a retras dezam\u0103git \u0219i a atribuit aceast\u0103 dezam\u0103gire tr\u0103d\u0103rii \u0219i coliziunii lui Al-Mundhir cu inamicul. \u00cen ciuda \u00eentoarcerii lui Al-Mundhir la invazie, a sosirii lui \u00een Al-Hira \u0219i a revenirii lui cu prada, autorit\u0103\u021bile romane au r\u0103mas pline de r\u0103utate \u0219i s-au revoltat \u00eempotriva acestui prin\u021b. Poate c\u0103 motivul pentru aceasta se datoreaz\u0103 diferen\u021belor sectare \u0219i nervilor \u00eencorda\u021bi. Capitala \u0219i mamele ora\u0219elor din acea vreme con\u021bineau grupuri mari de clerici \u0219i oameni proeminen\u021bi \u0219i ei priveau cu consternare politica de clemen\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de iacobini \u0219i t\u00e2njeau s\u0103 deposedeze aceste biserici de protec\u021bia lor. I s-au dat ordine stricte lui Magnus, conduc\u0103torul Siriei, s\u0103-l aresteze pe acest prin\u021b arab. A\u0219a c\u0103 Magnus a trimis la Al-Mundhir invit\u00e2ndu-l la dou\u0103 dialoguri pentru a participa la inaugurarea bisericii acesteia, mai ales c\u0103 Patriarhul, succesorul celor doi Apostoli, va prezida partidul. Prin\u021bul a r\u0103spuns invita\u021biei, a fost arestat \u0219i trimis \u00een capital\u0103. Unul dintre cele mai ciudate lucruri men\u021bionate \u00een cuvintele lui Ioan din Efes cu aceast\u0103 ocazie este c\u0103 prin\u021bul locuia cu \u201euna dintre so\u021biile sale\u201d \u0219i doi fii \u0219i o fiic\u0103 a lui \u00een timp ce era \u00een captivitate. Cu aceea\u0219i ocazie, prin\u021bul Al-Ghassani a spus: \u201eArabii per\u0219i au reu\u0219it s\u0103-mi captureze femeile \u0219i copiii\u201d. Este permis s\u0103 spunem c\u0103 Al-Mundhir a avut mai multe so\u021bii \u0219i c\u0103 bisericii nu i-a p\u0103sat de asta at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t c\u0103s\u0103toriile multiple ale prin\u021bilor nu erau biserice\u0219ti? Toate acestea s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul domniei lui Tiberiu. C\u00e2nd acest \u00eemp\u0103rat a murit \u0219i a fost succedat de Mauricius, du\u0219manul lui Al-Mundhir, el l-a exilat pe el \u0219i pe un alt b\u0103rbat dintr-un curtean \u00eenalt \u00een insula Sicilia.<\/p>\n

Fiii lui Al-Mundhir s-au r\u0103zvr\u0103tit \u00eempotriva statului roman \u0219i au p\u0103truns \u00een de\u0219ert sub conducerea mai marelui lor, Al-Numan, \u0219i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 lanseze un raid dup\u0103 altul pe p\u0103m\u00e2nturile statului. Ei au lovit cu teroare inimile garnizoanei din Busra \u0219i i-au for\u021bat s\u0103 abandoneze muni\u021bia de r\u0103zboi \u0219i banii tat\u0103lui lor depozita\u021bi acolo. Mauricius a cerut ajutorul unuia dintre fra\u021bii \u201eortodoc\u0219i\u201d ai lui Al-Mundhir \u0219i l-a arestat pe Al-Numan \u0219i l-a luat prizonier. Condi\u021biile arabilor s-au pr\u0103bu\u0219it la hotarele de\u0219ertului (584), iar leg\u0103turile de unitate dintre ei s-au dezintegrat. Fiecare trib \u0219i-a ales un prin\u021b, iar unii dintre ei s-au al\u0103turat romanilor \u0219i s-au \u00eentors \u00een \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219area Bisericii.<\/p>\n

Simon Stilitul \u0219i beduinii:<\/span><\/strong> Meritul pentru evanghelizarea de\u0219ertului estic poate reveni unor prizonieri cre\u0219tini care au fost transfera\u021bi la Al-Hira \u0219i \u00een alt\u0103 parte din ordinul lui Shapur \u00een anul 260. Dar cel mai mare merit pare s\u0103 revin\u0103 marelui Sf. Simeon, a c\u0103rui lumin\u0103 a orbit\u0103 \u00een prima jum\u0103tate a secolului al V-lea, lumin\u00e2nd \u00eentregul de\u0219ert.<\/p>\n

Episcopii de Hira:<\/span><\/strong> Al-Numan, regele Al-Hira, a murit \u00een anul 418, iar Al-Mundhir I (418-462), Al-Aswad (462-482), Al-Mundhir II (482-489) \u0219i Al- Numan II (499-502) l-a succedat la putere. Unii dintre ei au suferit dificult\u0103\u021bi pentru a-\u0219i converti oamenii la cre\u0219tinism, iar al\u021bii i-au protejat pe cre\u0219tinii din Persia, \u00een special pe primul avertizor. \u00cen secolul al V-lea, episcopii din Al-Hira au participat la consiliile locale conduse de un catolicos salafist \u0219i au fost de acord cu deciziile sale, devenind astfel nestorieni.<\/p>\n

Monoviziune \u0219i confuzie:<\/span><\/strong> La \u00eenceputul secolului al VI-lea, monofizi\u021bii au fost activi \u00een r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mesajului lor \u00een Al-Hira, iar Simeon Arhichipul a condus-o \u0219i a locuit acolo \u0219i a cerut erezia lui Unii cre\u0219tini i-au r\u0103spuns \u0219i au construit una sau mai multe biserici printre ei. \u201eEra gelos, argumentativ \u0219i inteligent.\u201d Apoi Severus din Antiohia a trimis doi episcopi monofizi\u021bi \u00een anul 513 la curtea lui Al-Mundhir al III-lea (505-545) pentru a-l invita s\u0103 cread\u0103 \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 natur\u0103. Se spune c\u0103 s-a pref\u0103cut c\u0103 \u00eei pare foarte r\u0103u atunci c\u00e2nd conversa\u021bia lor s-a referit la Arhanghelul Mihail. C\u00e2nd a fost \u00eentrebat de ce \u00eei pare r\u0103u, a spus: \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, regret\u0103 moartea arhanghelului. Cei doi episcopi l-au lini\u015ftit, subliniind c\u0103 \u00eengerii nu mor. Al-Mundhir s-a ridicat \u0219i a spus sarcastic: Va muri pe cruce Dumnezeu, care este unit cu Hristos printr-o singur\u0103 natur\u0103? Cei doi episcopi au fost mul\u021bumi\u021bi, iar confuzia a r\u0103mas pur nestorian\u0103.<\/p>\n

Acest al treilea al-Mundhir a r\u0103mas p\u0103g\u00e2n, sacrific\u00e2ndu-i lui Uzza \u0219i oferindu-i tot ce avea mai bun. S-a afirmat \u00een unele referin\u021be c\u0103 acest al-Mundhir a prezentat un sacrificiu \u00een anul 544 acestui al-Gharnuq Ibn al-Harith al-Ghassani, care c\u0103zuse \u00een m\u00e2inile sale ca prizonier \u00eentr-una din raidurile sale \u0219i c\u0103 a sacrificat patru sute de fecioare care c\u0103zuser\u0103 sub controlul s\u0103u la Homs cu ocazia intr\u0103rii sale \u00een ea.<\/p>\n

Al-Mundhir \u0219i califii:<\/span><\/strong> Al-Mundhir a murit, iar fiul s\u0103u Amr (554-569), care era cre\u0219tin, a preluat fr\u00e2iele. Mama lui, Hind al-Ghassaniya, so\u021bia mortului al-Mundhir, a \u00eenfiin\u021bat o m\u0103n\u0103stire \u00een al-Hira. Conform relat\u0103rii lui Yaqut, pe pieptul lui erau \u00eenscrise urm\u0103toarele fraze:<\/p>\n

\u201eFiica acestui jur\u0103m\u00e2nt de credin\u021b\u0103 a fost Hind bint Al-Harith bin Amr bin Hajar, regina, fiica regatelor, mama regelui Amr bin Al-Mundhir, slujitorul lui Hristos, mama lui Abduh \u0219i fiica lui Ubaidah \u00een timpul regelui regatelor, Khosrow Anu Sharwan, pe vremea episcopului Mar Ephrem. Dumnezeu pentru care a zidit aceast\u0103 m\u0103n\u0103stire \u00eei va ierta p\u0103catele, va avea mil\u0103 de ea \u0219i de copilul ei \u0219i va primi pe ea \u0219i pe poporul ei la credincio\u0219ia adev\u0103rului, iar Dumnezeu va fi cu ea \u0219i cu copilul ei \u00een vecii vecilor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Din aceasta se deduce c\u0103 regele Amr Ibn al-Mundhir era cre\u0219tin, deoarece inscrip\u021bia se afla pe pieptul m\u0103n\u0103stirii \u00een timpul domniei sale (554-569) \u0219i se pare c\u0103 cre\u0219tinismul nu a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat dup\u0103 Amr. C\u00e2nd a murit, succesorul s\u0103u, sau Al-Mundhir Ibn Al-Mundhir, s-a \u00eentors la p\u0103g\u00e2nism. Fiul s\u0103u, Al-Numan, a crescut acolo, sacrific\u00e2ndu-se idolilor, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd a crezut \u00een Hristos, \u00een m\u00e2na lui Catholicos Patience Joshua, \u00een anul 594.<\/p>\n

Insula Tiran:<\/span><\/strong> Printre referin\u021bele men\u021bionate se num\u0103r\u0103 \u0219i \u0219tirea episcopului de Tiran. Tiran este o insul\u0103 la intrarea \u00een Golful Aqaba. A fost renumit\u0103 \u00een primele secole pentru obiceiurile sale \u0219i autoritatea asupra comer\u021bului maritim peste Marea Ro\u0219ie. Se poveste\u0219te c\u0103 a c\u0103zut \u00een anul 470 \u00een m\u00e2inile unui arab pe nume Imru' al-Qays, care a venit \u00een ea din zonele supuse Persiei, a ocupat-o \u0219i a alungat din ea pe oficialii romani. Apoi a trimis un episcop pe nume Petru c\u0103tre \u00eemp\u0103ratul Leon pentru a-i supune lui \u0219i a ob\u021bine de la el titlul de Filarh, arab al Petrei. Referin\u021bele men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul la chemat pe acest conduc\u0103tor la el \u0219i i-a acordat autoritate asupra insulei Tiran \u0219i a altor regiuni. Apoi, insula a revenit la conducerea roman\u0103 direct\u0103 odat\u0103 cu debarcarea comandantului Romanos \u00een 498, dar \u0219i-a p\u0103strat episcopia. Citim \u00een actele Conciliului local de la Ierusalim \u021binut \u00een 536 despre Anastasie, episcopul de Tiran. Poate c\u0103 era supus Bisericii din Sinai.<\/p>\n

M\u0103gari:<\/span><\/strong> Nu \u0219tim exact c\u00e2nd a ajuns cre\u0219tinismul \u00een Yemen. Citim \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een anul 356, \u00eemp\u0103ratul Constan\u021biu a trimis o misiune condus\u0103 de c\u0103lug\u0103rul arian Teofil pentru a negocia libertatea comer\u021bului \u0219i libertatea credin\u021bei \u0219i pentru a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi solia Domnului M\u00e2ntuitorului. Se pare c\u0103 Teofil a reu\u0219it \u0219i a \u00eenfiin\u021bat o biseric\u0103 \u00een Aden \u0219i Dhafar. Nu \u0219tim exact dac\u0103 acest c\u0103lug\u0103r a reu\u0219it s\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021beze o a treia biseric\u0103 \u00een Ormuz la intrarea \u00een Golful Persic. Cititorul Teodor confirm\u0103 c\u0103 cre\u0219tinismul s-a bucurat de succes \u00een Himyar \u00een timpul domniei \u00eemp\u0103ratului Anastasius (491-518) \u0219i c\u0103 cre\u0219tinii din aceast\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 erau supu\u0219i unui episcop care \u00eei conducea \u0219i gestiona treburile. Poate c\u0103 acest episcop era Silvanus, unchiul lui Ioan din Tecrinomenos.<\/p>\n

Najran:<\/span><\/strong> Nimeni nu este de acord c\u0103 Najran a fost cea mai important\u0103 patrie cre\u0219tin\u0103 din sud. Poate c\u0103 Biserica din Antiohia este creditat\u0103 cu convertirea poporului s\u0103u la cre\u0219tinism. S-a men\u021bionat \u00een cartea de biografie a lui Ibn Hisham (Edi\u021bia european\u0103 20-22) \u0219i \u00een Istoria mesagerilor \u0219i regilor lui Al-Tabari (Edi\u021bia european\u0103, vol. 1, p. 919) c\u0103 o caravana arab\u0103 a capturat un c\u0103lug\u0103r sirian pe nume Fimion \u0219i l-a dus la Najran, unde i-a \u00eendrumat pe oamenii s\u0103i pe calea cea bun\u0103. Yaqut men\u021bioneaz\u0103 Kaaba din Najran, numit\u0103 Bay\u2019ah, care a fost construit\u0103 de Banu Abd al-Madan bin al-Dyan al-Harithi dup\u0103 construirea Kaaba, a\u0219a c\u0103 au glorificat-o pentru a se potrivi cu Kaaba din Mecca. Erau acolo episcopi \u201eneascult\u0103tori\u201d.<\/p>\n

Iudaismul s-a scurs \u00een Yemen ca urmare a devast\u0103rii Ierusalimului. Ultimul rege al lui Himyar, Dhunuwas, a v\u0103zut \u00een cre\u0219tinism ceva care \u00eei amintea de etiopieni \u0219i de ambi\u021biile lor din Yemen. \u00cen anul 523, el a provocat cre\u0219tinilor masacrul de la Najran, apoi i-a adunat pe cei care au supravie\u021buit printre ei \u0219i le-a dat s\u0103 aleag\u0103 \u00eentre crim\u0103 \u0219i iudaism. A\u0219a c\u0103 au ales moartea ca martir. Brazda de foc i-a tr\u0103dat.<\/p>\n

{Unii c\u0103rturari de hadith au povestit c\u0103, printre cele men\u021bionate \u00een Sura Al-Buruj din Coran: \u201eOamenii brazdei au ucis focul plin de combustibil \u00een timp ce st\u0103teau pe el\u201d. De asemenea, \u00een Al-Tabari este men\u021bionat c\u0103 \u0219arpele Doss a sc\u0103pat \u0219i s-a refugiat la \u00eemp\u0103ratul roman pentru a-i c\u0103uta ajutorul \u00eempotriva lui Dhu Nuwas \u0219i c\u0103 Justinus i-a spus: \u201e\u021aara ta a plecat de la noi, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu o putem ataca cu solda\u021bi. , dar \u00eei voi scrie lui Negus din Abisinia, care este cel mai apropiat rege cre\u0219tin de \u021bara ta.\u201d}<\/p>\n

Se mai poveste\u0219te c\u0103 Negus l-a \u00eenvins pe Dhu Nuwas de dou\u0103 ori la r\u00e2nd, \u00een anul 523 \u0219i \u00een anul 525. Aici se face o obiec\u021bie, care spune c\u0103 Iustin i-a persecutat pe monotei\u0219ti din \u021bara sa \u0219i apoi a cooperat cu ace\u0219tia \u00een Abisinia \u0219i Yemen. . R\u0103spunsul este c\u0103 proprietarul Constantinopolului se considera protectorul r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021belor cre\u0219tinismului din \u00eentreaga lume locuit\u0103.<\/p>\n

R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea cre\u0219tinismului \u00een inima insulei:<\/span><\/strong> Din cele mai vechi referin\u021be arabo-islamice se deduce c\u0103 indivizi \u0219i grupuri din triburile lui Hudhaim, Adhra, Judham, Juhayna, Bali, Buhra, Tay \u0219i Hanifa au intrat \u00een cre\u0219tinism \u00eenainte de Islam \u0219i c\u0103 unii dintre ace\u0219tia nu s-au convertit la islam p\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 moartea lui Muhammad. Cele mai apropiate dintre aceste triburi de Medina erau Banu Hudhaym, care erau s\u0103raci \u0219i slabi. C\u00e2t despre Banu Uthrah, ei s-au stabilit \u00een Wadi Adham din nordul Hijazului \u0219i erau cunoscu\u021bi pentru tandre\u021bea emo\u021biilor \u0219i puritatea iubirii lor. Casele lui Juhaina se aflau \u00eentre Medina \u0219i Aqaba \u0219i \u00een Sinai p\u00e2n\u0103 la Al-Farma. Casele din Bali se aflau \u00eentre Medina \u0219i Tabuk. Printre cre\u0219tinii din Qada'ah Bahra, casele lor se aflau \u00eentre Bali \u0219i periferia Levantului. Lakhm se \u00eenvecina cu Levantul. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te casele lui Bani Tayy \u0219i Bani Hanifa, acestea se aflau \u00een inima insulei \u0219i la estul ora\u0219ului.<\/p>\n

V\u00e2rstele trec, iar sentimentul acestei epoci r\u0103m\u00e2ne auzit \u00een ceea ce a r\u0103mas din literatur\u0103. Acest Hanzala al-Tai \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te poporul, intr\u0103 \u00een ascez\u0103 \u0219i construie\u0219te o m\u0103n\u0103stire l\u00e2ng\u0103 malul Eufratului. \u00cen ea se c\u0103lug\u0103re\u0219te p\u00e2n\u0103 moare. \u0218i c\u0103 Qais Ibn Sa`idah r\u0103t\u0103ce\u0219te \u00een pustietate \u0219i nu o nume\u0219te cas\u0103, bucur\u00e2ndu-se de m\u00e2ncare \u0219i bucur\u00e2ndu-se de animalele s\u0103lbatice \u0219i parazi\u021bi. Unii dintre ei compun poezie, neg\u00e2nd lumea \u0219i cer\u00e2nd luarea \u00een considerare a universului \u0219i a evenimentelor sale.<\/p>\n

Sosirea cre\u0219tinismului la Mecca:<\/span><\/strong> Nu sunt doi oameni \u00een dezacord, din c\u00e2te \u0219tim, \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te sosirea cre\u0219tinilor abisinieni la Mecca \u0219i \u0219ederea lor acolo \u00een scopuri proprii. Dac\u0103 ace\u0219ti oameni ar fi din \u201eclasa sclavilor\u201d, iar casele lor ar fi departe de Kaaba \u0219i adiacente de\u0219ertului, iar pove\u0219tile religioase pe care le-au spus nu ar fi avut leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu auzirea gloriilor Quraysh \u0219i a poporului nobil al \u021b\u0103rii. Analfabetismul lui Ibn Abi al-Salt, care obi\u0219nuia s\u0103 se uite la c\u0103r\u021bi, s\u0103 le citeasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 poarte p\u00e2nz\u0103 de sac ca form\u0103 de \u00eenchinare, \u0219i evlavia lui Ibn Nawfal, care cuno\u0219tea Biblia \u0219i a transferat o parte din ea \u00een arab\u0103! Ce spunem despre cei patru quray\u0219i\u021bi, Waraqah ibn Nawfal, Ubayd Allah ibn Hajsh, Umthan ibn al-Huwayrith \u0219i Zaid ibn Nufayl, care \u201eau fost m\u00e2ntui\u021bi ca salvatori \u0219i unul dintre ei \u0219i-a spus unul altuia: \u201e\u00cenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi, de Dumnezeu, c\u0103 poporul t\u0103u nu este \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu nimic. Ei au gre\u0219it \u00een religia tat\u0103lui lor Avraam. Nu exist\u0103 piatr\u0103 curat\u0103 care s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 nici auz, nici v\u0103z, nici r\u0103u. Cre\u0219tinismul \u0219i a urmat c\u0103r\u021bile de la oamenii s\u0103i p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat cuno\u0219tin\u021be de la Oamenii C\u0103r\u021bii. C\u00e2t despre Ibn Jahsh, el a migrat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu musulmanii \u00een Abisinia, apoi s-a convertit la cre\u0219tinism \u0219i a murit cre\u0219tin. La fel, Ibn al-Huwayrith s-a refugiat la Cezar \u0219i a devenit cre\u0219tin. Ibn Nufayl nu s-a convertit la iudaism sau cre\u0219tinism, dar a p\u0103r\u0103sit religia poporului s\u0103u \u0219i a abandonat idolii. (Al-Sirah Ibn Hisham, vol. 1, pp. 178-179, publicat de Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid).<\/p>\n

predicatori cre\u0219tini:<\/span><\/strong> Abu Talib nu a c\u00e2\u0219tigat prea mul\u021bi bani din c\u0103l\u0103toria sa \u00een Levant, a\u0219a c\u0103 a r\u0103mas \u00een Mecca. Muhammad a r\u0103mas mul\u021bumit cu partea lui. C\u00e2nd au venit lunile sacre, el a r\u0103mas \u00een Mecca cu familia sa sau a ie\u0219it cu ei \u00een pie\u021bele din apropiere din Ukaz, Majnah \u0219i Dhu al-Majaz, ascult\u00e2nd incantarea celor ale sectelor \u0219i comentatorilor \u0219i ascult\u00e2nd predici ale predicatorilor, printre care se num\u0103rau evreii \u0219i cre\u0219tinii, care obi\u0219nuiau s\u0103-\u0219i critice fra\u021bii arabi pentru idolatrie \u0219i s\u0103 le vorbeasc\u0103 despre Evanghelie \u0219i Tora \u0219i \u00eei chemau la adev\u0103r\u2026\u2026 (Hayat Muhammad de Muhammad Hussein Heikal, p. 77).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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