{"id":649,"date":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","date_gmt":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/justinus-darmaatmaja-ii\/"},"modified":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","modified_gmt":"2009-02-23T23:27:49","slug":"justinus-darmaatmaja-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/justinus-darmaatmaja-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Iustin al II-lea"},"content":{"rendered":"

Iustinian nu a l\u0103sat un succesor \u0219i nu s-a asociat cu nimeni \u00een violet. Dar a avut \u00eencredere \u00een nepotul s\u0103u Justin \u0219i l-a consultat \u00een chestiuni de stat. Senatorii au sim\u021bit aceast\u0103 \u00eencredere \u0219i l-au iubit pe Iustinius, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-au bazat pe alegerea lui imediat dup\u0103 moartea b\u0103tr\u00e2nului \u00eemp\u0103rat. Iustinian a ajuns la optzeci \u0219i trei de ani, iar acesta din urm\u0103 s-a \u00eemboln\u0103vit \u0219i nu a rostit nici m\u0103car un cuv\u00e2nt care s\u0103 indice c\u0103 ar dori ca el s\u0103-i succed\u0103 la putere. Era aproape f\u0103r\u0103 suflare \u00een noaptea de toamn\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 Justin \u0219i so\u021bia lui, Sophia, s-au a\u0219ezat la una dintre ferestrele palatului lor cu vedere la Bosfor \u0219i au a\u0219teptat. \u00cen zori, mesagerul i-a informat despre moartea \u00eemp\u0103ratului. Sper\u0103m c\u0103 \u0219eicii vor prelua hot\u0103r\u00e2rile. Tradi\u021bia a dictat c\u0103 Justin respinge speran\u021ba, a\u0219a c\u0103 a f\u0103cut-o. Apoi a acceptat si s-a dus imediat la palat (14 noiembrie 565).A iesit cu el imbracat in purpura si impodobit cu bijuterii pe care Belisarius le recuperase de la goti.Ostazii l-au ridicat pe scut, declarand aprobarea. Atunci biserica l-a sprijinit, a\u0219a c\u0103 Patriarhul capitalei l-a binecuv\u00e2ntat \u0219i i-a pus coroana pe cap.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Iustin a fost activ, s\u00e2rguincios, curajos \u0219i \u00eendr\u0103zne\u021b, s-a ab\u021binut de la plata granturilor anuale c\u0103tre barbari, \u201ecare se ridicau la trei sute de mii de lire \u00een aur\u201d. elimina\u021bi grijile \u0219i problemele din toate subiectele. Dar evenimentele au venit unul dup\u0103 altul, puternice \u0219i violente, \u0219i au adus ceea ce el nu \u0219i-a dorit. Iustinus, \u00een ciuda meritelor sale, era m\u00e2ndru, arogant \u0219i lipsit de resurse. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 573, a suferit o v\u0103t\u0103mare psihic\u0103 evident\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 so\u021bia sa, Sophia, \u0219i-a asumat responsabilitatea \u00eendeplinirii \u00eendatoririlor guvernamentale cu ajutorul comandantului g\u0103rzii, Tiberius cel de \u00eencredere. Apoi Iustin l-a adoptat pe Tiberiu \u0219i la 7 decembrie 574 l-a declarat Cezar. Tiberius a gestionat treburile \u00een numele st\u0103p\u00e2nului s\u0103u timp de patru ani consecutivi p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd Iustinus a domnit \u0219i a domnit singur.<\/p>\n

Trinitarismul:<\/span><\/strong> Schisma a dus la extremism prin \u00eendrumare gre\u0219it\u0103.Unul dintre apameeni pe nume Ioan Iscosnag a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat la Constantinopol \u00een anul 557 c\u0103 Hristos are o singur\u0103 fire \u0219i c\u0103 fiecare dintre ipostaze are o natur\u0103 special\u0103. A fost t\u0103iat, exilat \u0219i a murit. Adep\u021bii s\u0103i erau \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi, a\u0219a c\u0103 John Philoponus, profesorul alexandrin, a predat despre trinitatea zeilor \u0219i a spus c\u0103 corpul uman a fost anihilat at\u00e2t dup\u0103 form\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i dup\u0103 materie. Conon, episcopul Tarsului, a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat c\u0103 trupul uman este muritor numai dup\u0103 aparen\u021b\u0103. Demian, unul dintre patriarhii Naturii Unice din Alexandria, a continuat spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 Dumnezeirea a fost p\u0103trat\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 a considerat o existen\u021b\u0103 specific\u0103 pentru fiecare dintre cele trei ipostaze \u0219i o a patra existen\u021b\u0103 general\u0103 pentru toate trei \u00eempreun\u0103.<\/p>\n

Iustin al II-lea \u0219i Biserica:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cen ciuda e\u0219ecului lui Justinian \u00een a-i curta pe cei care credeau \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 natur\u0103, Justin nu a schimbat nimic din planul unchiului s\u0103u mare. Pionierul s\u0103u a r\u0103mas unific\u00e2nd r\u00e2ndurile, iar mijloacele sale au r\u0103mas fie compromis \u00een doctrin\u0103, fie presiune \u00een administra\u021bie. Misticismul so\u021biei sale nu difer\u0103 de cel al veri\u0219oarei ei Teodora. Am\u00e2ndoi au vorbit despre o singur\u0103 natur\u0103, \u00een felul lui Severus din Antiohia, \u0219i am\u00e2ndoi i-au sus\u021binut pe monofizi\u021bi cu \u00een\u021belepciunea, inteligen\u021ba \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile care le-au fost date.<\/p>\n

Iustin \u0219i-a \u00eenceput programul religios prin \u00eentoarcerea episcopilor exila\u021bi \u00een patria lor. Atunci Teodosie l-a primit cu mare c\u0103ldur\u0103 pe Patriarhul Alexandria, care era \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een exil departe de eparhia sa. La moartea sa, \u00een anul 566, Iustin a ordonat ca \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntarea lui s\u0103 i se dea o \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare mare, luxoas\u0103. A avut r\u0103bdare \u0219i le-a ascultat pe cele dou\u0103 triunghiuri din capital\u0103 \u0219i pe adversarii lor, monofizi\u021bii, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 reformeze \u0219i s\u0103 unifice r\u00e2ndurile. Sufia a cerut o conferin\u021b\u0103 semi-permanent\u0103 la Constantinopol pentru a aduce mai aproape punctele de vedere ale p\u0103rin\u021bilor certa\u021bi. Apoi a venit Yacoub ElBaradei \u0219i au venit \u0219i al\u021bi monofizi\u021bi seniori, iar frecarea personal\u0103 a durat un an \u00eentreg, dar f\u0103r\u0103 rezultat. Justinus a recurs la declara\u021bii, interdic\u021bii \u0219i presiuni administrative. \u00cen anul 567, el a emis un Enoticon care a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 resping\u0103 cele Trei Capitole, s\u0103-l accepte pe Severus din Antiohia \u0219i s\u0103 ignore Sinodul de la Calcedon. Dar monofizi\u021bii au insistat asupra necesit\u0103\u021bii de a recunoa\u0219te \u00een mod deschis natura unic\u0103. A\u0219a c\u0103 Iustin i-a ordonat ambasadorului s\u0103u \u00een Persia, John, s\u0103 viziteze Siria la \u00eentoarcerea sa \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103-i conving\u0103 pe p\u0103rin\u021bii monofizi\u021bi s\u0103 accepte Enoticonul \u0219i s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze \u00een conformitate cu acesta. Astfel, vedem p\u0103rin\u021bii aduna\u021bi la Raqqa Callinicum \u00een anul 567 pentru a delibera cu Ioan Pinguinul asupra chestiunii Enoticonului. ElBaradei \u0219i al\u021bii au cedat, dar majoritatea p\u0103rin\u021bilor au r\u0103mas suspicio\u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de orice solu\u021bie imperial\u0103 de acest fel. Cineva s-a ridicat \u0219i a smuls documentul imperial din m\u00e2na cititorului, l-a rupt, iar Ioan s-a \u00eentors la Constantinopol \u00een e\u0219ec.<\/p>\n

Iustinus a repetat chestiunea \u0219i a insistat s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la o \u00een\u021belegere \u0219i ia informat pe seniorii Menofizi\u021bi despre textul unui nou acord \u00eenainte de a-l emite. \u00cen anul 571, el a eviden\u021biat al doilea Enoticon, care a recunoscut o natur\u0103 \u00eentrupat\u0103, dar numai \u00een teorie, \u0219i a recunoscut o diferen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre dou\u0103 naturi, divin\u0103 \u0219i uman\u0103, cu o recunoa\u0219tere implicit\u0103 a Conciliului de la Calcedon \u0219i continuarea rupturii care s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat pe Sever din Antiohia.<\/p>\n

Tiberius \u0219i Mauricius:<\/span><\/strong> Tiberius a preluat puterea \u00een toamna anului 574. A oprit persecu\u021bia menoficienilor \u0219i a permis lui ElBaradei s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 exilul \u0219i s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la Constantinopol. La moartea lui Ioan, Patriarhul Constantinopolului, el l-a \u00eentors pe Euphticius din exil \u0219i i-a predat c\u00e2rja de patronaj \u00een 577. Euphticius a revenit la entuziasmul s\u0103u anterior de a pres\u0103 \u0219i \u00eengr\u0103di pe menofieni, a\u0219a c\u0103 Tiberiu i-a spus zicala sa istoric\u0103: \u201e Ai r\u0103bdare, c\u0103ci barbarii sunt mul\u021bi \u0219i este mai bine s\u0103 te lup\u021bi cu ei.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mauricius a urmat acest plan \u00een pozi\u021bia sa fa\u021b\u0103 de biseric\u0103 \u0219i problemele acesteia. Era echilibrat \u0219i moderat, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u0219i-a men\u021binut ortodoxia \u0219i nu a mers la extreme, nici nu i-a \u00eengr\u0103dit pe monofizi\u021bi \u0219i pe al\u021bii. Se \u00eemprietenise cu Grigore cel Mare, Papa al Romei, pe c\u00e2nd era \u00eenc\u0103 reprezentant al Romei antice la curtea imperial\u0103 din noua Roma, a\u0219a c\u0103 a men\u021binut \u0219i a \u00eent\u0103rit aceast\u0103 prietenie. Mauricius Gregorius, Patriarhul Antiohiei, \u0219i Ioan Postul, Patriarhul Constantinopolului, i-au respectat \u0219i au cooperat \u00eendeaproape. Lucrul ciudat este c\u0103 tradi\u021bia siriac\u0103 a f\u0103cut din acest \u00eemp\u0103rat un sf\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n

Grigore, Patriarhul Antiohiei:<\/span><\/strong> (570-593) \u00cemp\u0103ratul Iustin nu a cooperat cu Anastasie, Patriarhul Antiohiei. Poate c\u0103 motivul pentru aceasta a fost c\u0103 Anastasius a fost complet loial credin\u021bei ortodoxe \u0219i c\u0103 rigiditatea sa \u00een religie nu se potrivea cu flexibilitatea lui Iustinian \u00een politic\u0103. \u00cen anul 570, disputa dintre cei doi monarhi s-a intensificat, iar \u00cemp\u0103ratul l-a acuzat pe Patriarh c\u0103 a spus ceva ce nu era potrivit pentru comunitatea sunnit\u0103 \u0219i a irosit fondurile bisericii, a\u0219a c\u0103 Anastasius a fost nevoit s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 Antiohia la Ierusalim. \u00cen locul s\u0103u a fost numit Grigorie, \u0219eful M\u0103n\u0103stirii Sinai. A condus turma cu evlavie \u0219i cu frica de Dumnezeu p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea sa \u00een anul 593. Anastasie a fost readus \u00een succesiunea Apostolilor \u0219i a continuat s\u0103 o p\u0103storeasc\u0103 cu hot\u0103r\u00e2re \u0219i r\u00e2vn\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea sa \u00een anul 598.<\/p>\n

Biserica Siriac\u0103 \u0219i Biserica Melchit\u0103:<\/span><\/strong> Urma\u0219ii lui Iustinian \u0219i-au moderat pozi\u021bia fa\u021b\u0103 de monofizi\u021bi \u0219i au putut s\u0103-\u0219i organizeze treburile, iar \u00een ultimul sfert al secolului al VI-lea s-au stabilit \u00eentr-o biseric\u0103 independent\u0103. Ei au dat bisericii-mam\u0103 universal\u0103 un nou nume care a devenit popular printre ei: Biserica Regal\u0103, adic\u0103 era Biserica Regelui din Constantinopol.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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