{"id":654,"date":"2009-02-24T00:02:34","date_gmt":"2009-02-24T00:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/the-fourth-ecumenical-council-or-council-of-chalcedon\/"},"modified":"2009-02-24T00:02:34","modified_gmt":"2009-02-24T00:02:34","slug":"the-fourth-ecumenical-council-or-council-of-chalcedon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/the-fourth-ecumenical-council-or-council-of-chalcedon\/","title":{"rendered":"Sinodul IV Ecumenic - Sinodul de la Calcedon"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introducere:<\/span><\/strong> Dup\u0103 Legea Unit\u0103\u021bii - care a fost \u00eentocmit\u0103 de teologii din Alexandria \u0219i Antiohia - a ap\u0103rut un dezacord cu privire la unele dintre expresiile con\u021binute \u00een ea, deoarece au existat unii alexandrini duri care au respins terminologia antiohian\u0103, \u00een special termenul \u201edou\u0103 naturi\u201d. , care printre ei (alexandrinii) era echivalent cu cuv\u00e2ntul \u201edou\u0103 ipostaze\u201d (dou\u0103 persoane). Ei au preferat peste el alte expresii care au fost men\u021bionate de Chiril, cum ar fi sintagma \u201eo singur\u0103 natur\u0103\u201d din celebra sa zical\u0103: \u201eO singur\u0103 natur\u0103 pentru Dumnezeu, Cuv\u00e2ntul \u00eentrupat.\u201d Cu toate acestea, din respect pentru Chiril, ei nu \u0219i-au exprimat opiniile. public \u00eenainte de moartea sa (+444). Cel mai proeminent sus\u021bin\u0103tor al \u201eunui natur\u0103\u201d a fost Eutyches, \u0219eful unei m\u0103n\u0103stiri din Constantinopol care cuprindea peste 300 de c\u0103lug\u0103ri, sus\u021binut de Dioscor, Patriarhul Alexandriei.<\/p>\n

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Eutyches:<\/span><\/strong> (387-455) \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile lui Chiril al Alexandriei au devenit populare \u00een cercurile monahale \u0219i sus\u021binem c\u0103 aceste cercuri au avut loc dup\u0103 moartea Sf\u00e2ntului Dalmat (440), c\u0103lug\u0103rului Eutihe \u0219i Eutihe. Eutykha a fost un c\u0103lug\u0103r respectat, devotat, ascet, iar to\u021bi c\u0103lug\u0103rii din capital\u0103 au avansat \u0219i au devenit proeminen\u021bi. \u00cemp\u0103ratul \u00eel venera, iar eunucul Chrysavius, fiul s\u0103u de botez, \u00eel respecta \u0219i \u00eel consulta cu privire la toate problemele administrative religioase.<\/p>\n

Eutyches a acordat aten\u021bie controversei dintre Chiril \u0219i Nestorius. \u00cel ura pe Nestorius \u0219i a spus ce a spus Cyril. Cu toate acestea, a c\u0103zut \u00een capcana \u00eentins\u0103 de Apolinar, \u00een timp ce citea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile false ale lui Apolinar - care au fost folosite de Chiril - \u0219i le-a considerat ca fiind unul dintre primii p\u0103rin\u021bi. Eutyches credea \u00een existen\u021ba a dou\u0103 naturi pentru Hristos \u00eenainte de \u00eentrupare (se poate s\u0103 fi subscris la Origen al Alexandriei \u00een teoria existen\u021bei eterne a sufletelor), dar a recunoscut o singur\u0103 natur\u0103 dup\u0103 \u00eentrupare, crez\u00e2nd c\u0103 divinitatea a absorbit umanitatea, care a fost dizolvat\u0103 \u00een divinitate, la fel cum o pic\u0103tur\u0103 de miere se dizolv\u0103 c\u00e2nd cade \u00eentr-un ocean de ap\u0103. El a spus c\u0103 natura uman\u0103 \u00een Hristos a fost amestecat\u0103 cu natura divin\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd a disp\u0103rut \u00een ea \u201eca o pic\u0103tur\u0103 de vin care cade \u00eentr-o mare de ap\u0103\u201d. Hristos \u0219i aceast\u0103 stare sunt o singur\u0103 ipostaz\u0103 \u0219i o singur\u0103 natur\u0103. Aceste \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi s-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een Constantinopol \u0219i \u00een afara lui, datorit\u0103 leg\u0103turilor de prietenie care \u00eel legau pe Eutyches de prietenii \u0219i adep\u021bii lui Chiril \u0219i datorit\u0103 priceperii lui Eutyches de a face planuri \u0219i complot. El l-a curtat pe Uranius, episcopul Himeriei din regiunea Edessa, pentru a lupta cu faimosul episcop, Ebba. S-a \u00eendr\u0103gostit de pustnic Barsoum, pentru ca acesta s\u0103 se r\u0103zvr\u0103teasc\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui Domnus, episcopul Antiohiei, \u0219i a lui Teodoret, episcopul Cirusului, \u00een Siria \u0219i \u00een capital\u0103.<\/p>\n

Domnus, episcopul Antiohiei:<\/span><\/strong> (441-449) este Domnus II. S-a nascut in Antiohia si a crescut acolo.A invatat de la invatatorii acesteia si apoi s-a dedicat rugaciunii si meditatiei in vecinatatea Sfantului Efthymios cel Mare de pe coasta Ierihonului. El a putut s\u0103 se refugieze \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stirea Evpribius, unde unchiul s\u0103u Ioan, episcopul Antiohiei, \u0219i Nestorie au acceptat \u0219i jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Dar a preferat s\u0103 purifice Efthymios \u0219i pustiul Ierihon. El a venit peste acest sf\u00e2nt \u00een anul 428 \u0219i a acceptat jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul din m\u00e2na lui. Apoi a fost uimit de atitudinea unchiului s\u0103u fa\u021b\u0103 de Chiril \u00een anul 431, a\u0219a c\u0103 a vrut s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la Antiohia pentru a-\u0219i convinge unchiul de necesitatea sus\u021binerii dreptei credin\u021be, a\u0219a cum a v\u0103zut-o profesorul \u0219i ghidul s\u0103u. Efthymios i-a interzis s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru, explic\u00e2nd c\u0103, dac\u0103 s-ar \u00eentoarce \u00een Antiohia, nu va beneficia de nimic \u0219i c\u0103 va r\u0103m\u00e2ne acolo \u0219i va fi numit episcop pentru a-i urma pe unchiul s\u0103u pe tronul Apostolilor. Dar ipocri\u021bii \u00eel vor cobor\u00ee din pozi\u021bia sa. De fapt, marele Sf\u00e2nt Eutimie \u00eel cuno\u0219tea bine pe Domnos \u0219i \u00eei aprecia cur\u0103\u021bia, sfin\u021benia, smerenia \u0219i bunele inten\u021bii. Dar a sim\u021bit \u201esimplitate\u201d \u0219i sl\u0103biciune \u00een aprecierea sa fa\u021b\u0103 de oamenii care nu-l calificau pentru conducere \u0219i pre\u0219edin\u021bie.<\/p>\n

Domnus \u0219i Utykha:<\/span><\/strong> Domnus nu era mul\u021bumit de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura lui Eutihe \u0219i nu se temea de Chrysaphius eunucul sau de st\u0103p\u00e2nul s\u0103u, \u00cemp\u0103ratul. El a fost de acord cu opinia lui Teodoret \u0219i a fost de acord s\u0103 alc\u0103tuiasc\u0103 o carte \u00een care \u00eei r\u0103spundea lui Eutyches. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 447, a ap\u0103rut Eraneste Theodoritus, adic\u0103 cartea sa \u201eCer\u0219etorul\u201d. Aceast\u0103 carte a devenit popular\u0103 \u00een cercurile oficiale \u0219i religioase, iar credincio\u0219ii au g\u0103sit \u00een ea un mesaj solid care dovede\u0219te c\u0103 Dumnezeu nu se schimb\u0103 \u0219i nu sufer\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 cele dou\u0103 naturi au existat \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00een Hristos f\u0103r\u0103 a se amesteca. Teodoret \u0219i-a \u00eemp\u00e2nzit paragrafele cu fragmente din cuvintele sfin\u021bilor p\u0103rin\u021bi. Nu a vizat o anumit\u0103 persoan\u0103, dar le-a l\u0103sat cititorilor s\u0103i f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 c\u0103 se referea la Eutykha \u0219i \u201eAl-Utykha\u201d. La \u00eenceputul anului 448, Domnus i-a scris \u00eensu\u0219i \u00eemp\u0103ratului, atr\u0103g\u00e2ndu-i aten\u021bia asupra plec\u0103rii lui Eutihe \u0219i asupra ereziei sale.<\/p>\n

\u00cemp\u0103ratul \u00eel ap\u0103r\u0103 pe Eutyches:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cemp\u0103ratul nu a fost mul\u021bumit de aceast\u0103 pl\u00e2ngere, a\u0219a c\u0103 a r\u0103spuns la 16 februarie 448 printr-un decret imperial care interzicea lucr\u0103rile lui Porfirie \u0219i Nestorie \u0219i toate lucr\u0103rile care nu erau de acord cu textele hot\u0103r\u00e2rilor lui Nicee \u0219i Efes \u0219i \u201eChiril\u201d. Clauze\u201d! De asemenea, a ordonat \u00eenl\u0103turarea lui Irineu, episcopul Tirului, din func\u021bia sa. F\u0103c\u00e2nd acest lucru, el \u0219i-a asumat puteri pe care Constantius nu le mai avea niciodat\u0103. Nu este un secret pentru nimeni c\u0103 preotul Irineu a fost unul dintre prietenii lui Nestorius \u0219i c\u0103 acesta a fost exilat la Petra, apoi eliberat dup\u0103 moartea lui Chiril \u0219i c\u0103 episcopii Feniciei de coast\u0103 au insistat ca el s\u0103 fie hirotonit episcop al Tirului, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eensu\u0219i Proclu a fost de acord. la aceasta \u015fi a \u00eendeplinit obliga\u0163iile de a hirotonit pe Teodoret episcop de Cirus.<\/p>\n

Vestea acestui sunnit se va r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi, iar scorpionii lui Eutyches \u0219i Chrysavius se vor r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi printre oameni, iar agen\u021bii lor s-au implicat \u00een \u0219tiri false pentru a incita la revolt\u0103. Mama Antiohiei din Edessa, episcopul Aiba s-a pl\u00e2ns superiorului s\u0103u, Domnus. Domnus era confuz cu privire la problema lui \u0219i a am\u00e2nat \u0219i a \u00eent\u00e2rziat. Reclaman\u021bii \u0219i-au depus pl\u00e2ngeri la Constantinopol \u0219i Alexandria, precum \u0219i la Domnus \u00eensu\u0219i \u0219i Theodoritus. A fost emis un nou decret imperial prin care se stipula c\u0103 Teodoret trebuie s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een hotarele eparhiei sale \u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i limiteze aten\u021bia la copiii s\u0103i spirituali. Dioscor i-a scris o scrisoare flagrat\u0103 lui Domnos \u00een care a subliniat \u00eent\u00e2rzierea lui Domnos \u00een hirotonirea succesorului lui Irineu \u00een Tir, precum \u0219i interesul \u0219i asisten\u021ba acestuia fa\u021b\u0103 de du\u0219manii Ortodoxiei. Domnus a protestat \u00eempotriva amestecului lui Dioscor \u00een treburile altora, dar f\u0103r\u0103 rezultat.<\/p>\n

\u00cen data de dou\u0103zeci \u0219i opt octombrie a anului 448, comandantului Demiscus a fost emis un ordin sunit prin care a ordonat ca Ebba din Edessa, Daniel din Harran \u0219i Ioan din Rasina s\u0103 fie transfera\u021bi \u00een Fenicia pentru a fi judeca\u021bi \u00een fa\u021ba unui corp spiritual compus din Uranius, Episcop. al Himeriei, Fotie, episcopul Tirului \u0219i Efestatiu, episcopul Beirutului. Inculpa\u021bii s-au prezentat \u00een fa\u021ba organului de conducere mai \u00eent\u00e2i la Tir, apoi la Beirut. Cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi au pledat, iar organul de conducere a sf\u0103tuit pacea \u0219i reconcilierea. Acest lucru a fost f\u0103cut la Beirut \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 449.<\/p>\n

Flabianos \u0219i Eutyches:<\/span><\/strong> La 8 noiembrie 448, Eusebiu, episcopul Dorlei, a ridicat cauza Eutyches \u00een fa\u021ba Sinodului de la Constantinopol. Eusebiu v\u0103zuse un volum din trei p\u0103r\u021bi intitulat \u201eCer\u0219etorul\u201d (adic\u0103 Eutyches), compilat de Teodoret, episcopul lui Cirus, \u0219i l-a publicat \u00een anul 447, pe baza c\u0103ruia a considerat \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile lui Eutyches ca fiind neortodoxe. Eusebiu \u00eel alertase pe Eutyches despre gre\u0219eala sa, dar nu l-a ascultat. Flabianos, episcopul Constantinopolului - care ajunsese la slujba patriarhal\u0103 \u00eempotriva voin\u021bei lui Chrysavius eunucul, deoarece se opunea s\u0103 se a\u0219eze pe tronul Constantinopolului - a fost nevoit s\u0103 ordone arhimandritului Eutyches s\u0103 se prezinte \u00een fa\u021ba Sf\u00e2ntului Sinod pentru a r\u0103spunde \u00eentreb\u0103ri adresate lui legate de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile sale. Nu a participat \u0219i nu s-a conformat dec\u00e2t dup\u0103 amenin\u021bare. \u00cen data de dou\u0103zeci \u0219i doi noiembrie, Eutykha a p\u0103r\u0103sit m\u0103n\u0103stirea sa, \u00eenso\u021bit de un num\u0103r mare de c\u0103lug\u0103ri \u0219i angaja\u021bi, \u0219i s-a \u00eendreptat spre episcopie. S-a \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00een fa\u021ba episcopilor \u00een sobor \u0219i a insistat s\u0103 spun\u0103 o singur\u0103 fire, a\u0219a c\u0103 soborul l-a judecat eretic \u0219i l-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat de orice treapt\u0103 preo\u021beasc\u0103, de \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ire \u0219i de conducerea m\u0103n\u0103stirii. Printre episcopi st\u0103teau patru antiohieni: Basilius Silfkiya, Saba, un \u201eora\u0219\u201d la gura r\u00e2ului Sin \u00eentre Baniyas \u0219i Jableh, Proclus Adhar \u0219i Thefrantios Halban, la est de Hama. Eutykha nu s-a supus \u0219i a confirmat c\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i va supune problema consiliilor din Roma, Alexandria, Ierusalim \u0219i Salonic.<\/p>\n

Laon \u0219i Utykha:<\/span><\/strong> Eutyches i-a scris lui Leo, episcopul Romei, lui Petru, episcopul Rabinei \u0219i altor figuri importante, sper\u00e2nd s\u0103-i fac\u0103 dreptate. A\u0219a c\u0103 Leon i-a scris \u00eemp\u0103ratului declar\u00e2nd c\u0103 Flavianus nu i-a scris despre cele \u00eent\u00e2mplate \u0219i c\u0103, pe baza celor relatate \u00eensu\u0219i Eutyches, nu a v\u0103zut ce ar putea folosi pentru a decide \u00een aceast\u0103 chestiune.<\/p>\n

Voyeurism \u00een Efes:<\/span><\/strong> \u00centruc\u00e2t acest Eutyches era un adept al partidului alexandrin \u0219i un ap\u0103r\u0103tor al doctrinei de o singur\u0103 natur\u0103 - a\u0219a cum o \u00een\u021belegea el - a fost necesar ca el s\u0103 recurg\u0103 la conduc\u0103torul acesteia, care era Dioscor, episcopul Alexandriei. Acesta din urm\u0103, la recomandarea lui Chrysavius eunucul, a convocat un consiliu local, a dizolvat sectele pieselor \u0219i l-a considerat arhimandrit asupra m\u0103n\u0103stirii sale. Apoi i-a cerut \u021barului s\u0103 cheme un Sinod Ecumenic care s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare cazul lui Eutyches \u2013 contrazic\u00e2nd astfel hot\u0103r\u00e2rile celui de-al Doilea Sinod Ecumenic. Cu interven\u021bia lui Chrysavius, Eudocia, so\u021bia \u00eemp\u0103ratului \u0219i a altor curteni, \u00eemp\u0103ratul a \u00eenvins \u00eempotriva lui Eutyches \u0219i i-a scris lui Leon, episcopul Romei, suger\u00e2nd c\u0103 cazul lui Eutyches ar trebui s\u0103 fie examinat \u00een fa\u021ba unui sinod ecumenic. A\u0219a c\u0103 Leo i-a scris lui Flabianos cu grija \u00eemp\u0103ratului pentru adev\u0103r \u0219i dreptate \u0219i l-a \u00eentrebat despre ce sa \u00eent\u00e2mplat. A\u0219a c\u0103 Flabianos a trimis actele Conciliului de la Constantinopol, care a domnit \u00eempotriva lui Eutyches. Leo a \u021binut o adunare local\u0103 \u0219i a examinat aceste ac\u021biuni \u0219i le-a aprobat. I-a scris \u00eemp\u0103ratului scuz\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 nu a participat personal la conciliu \u0219i afirm\u00e2nd c\u0103 Iulius, episcopul de Pozoula, va conduce delega\u021bia roman\u0103 la conciliu \u0219i c\u0103 Iulian, episcopul de Kush, avea dreptul s\u0103-l reprezinte \u0219i pe el.<\/p>\n

\u00cemp\u0103ratul a cerut un conciliu la Efes pentru a-\u0219i \u00eencepe lucr\u0103rile la 1 august a anului 449. \u00cemp\u0103ratul a subliniat c\u0103 Teodorit - du\u0219manul principal al celor care cred \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 natur\u0103 a lui Hristos - nu poate participa la acest conciliu dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 cei aduna\u021bi. episcopii cer acest lucru. El a ordonat ca monahii \u0219i pustnicii din R\u0103s\u0103rit s\u0103 fie reprezenta\u021bi de arhimandritul Barsoum - un du\u0219man al lui Teodorit \u0219i apropiat de Alexandria - \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103ratul i-a obligat pe Elpitheus \u0219i Avulgios, dintre oamenii adun\u0103rii, s\u0103-l reprezinte \u00een sinod. Flabianos \u0219i to\u021bi membrii Consiliului local al Constantinopolului au fost \u00eempiedica\u021bi s\u0103 voteze \u00een acest consiliu. De asemenea, s-a anun\u021bat dinainte c\u0103 pre\u0219edin\u021bia acestui consiliu va fi de\u021binut\u0103 de Dioscor, episcopul Alexandriei, iar el va fi ajutat de Jubelianus, episcopul Ierusalimului - care a c\u0103utat independen\u021ba Ierusalimului fa\u021b\u0103 de Antiohia \u0219i care a fost partizan cu Alexandria \u00een urm\u0103rire. a acestui scop \u2013 \u0219i Tritheus, Episcopul Cezareei.<\/p>\n

Biserica Antiohia a fost reprezentat\u0103 la acest sinod de Domnos, \u0219eful ei, \u0219i de dou\u0103zeci \u0219i unu de episcopi, inclusiv Meletius Shaesar, Fotie din Tir, Teodor din Damasc, Efstathios din Beirut, \u0218tefan din Ain Zerba, Teodor din Tars, Rufin din Samisat, Simon Amed \u0219i Policarie din Iable. \u0218i Teodorit a \u00eempiedicat-o, a\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat mai devreme. Iba, episcopul Edesei, a fost arestat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii iunie \u0219i a fost re\u021binut de poli\u021bie pentru o perioad\u0103 de timp.<\/p>\n

Tomos Lawn:<\/span><\/strong> Delega\u021bia roman\u0103 a purtat o serie de scrisori, inclusiv una pentru \u00eentregul sinod, o a doua pentru \u00cemp\u0103rat, altele pentru \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103teasa \u0219i o a patra pentru c\u0103lug\u0103rii capitalei. Cel mai important dintre acestea este Tomos Leo, care este scrisoarea lui c\u0103tre colegul s\u0103u Flabbianus, episcopul Constantinopolului. \u00cen ea, el a sus\u021binut pozi\u021bia lui Flabbianus \u00eempotriva lui Eutyches \u0219i a explicat \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Bisericii despre cele dou\u0103 naturi \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 ipostaz\u0103 \u00eentr-o explica\u021bie clar\u0103 \u0219i precis\u0103.<\/p>\n

Complexul ho\u021bilor:<\/span><\/strong> Dioscor a invitat delega\u021biile s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 \u00een Biserica Maicii Domnului din Efes la 8 august 449. O sut\u0103 treizeci de episcopi \u0219i mai mul\u021bi au r\u0103spuns invita\u021biei. Dioscor a deschis lucr\u0103rile recit\u00e2nd ordinele \u00eemp\u0103ratului. Dup\u0103 ce a terminat recitarea, reprezentantul Romei, episcopul Iulius, i-a cerut s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 scrisorile superiorului s\u0103u. Dioscor a adresat-o, dar a ordonat s\u0103 fie recitat\u0103 cu privire la misiunea arhimandritului Barsoum. Apoi i-a cerut lui Eutyches s\u0103-\u0219i m\u0103rturiseasc\u0103 credin\u021ba. Eutyches a afirmat c\u0103 credin\u021ba sa era credin\u021ba p\u0103rin\u021bilor \u0219i credin\u021ba lui Chiril \u0219i a blestemat toate ereziile, \u00een special pe cele care pretindeau ve\u0219nicia trupului lui Hristos. Eutykha a spus despre credin\u021ba sa \u00een Hristos: \u201e\u00cemi m\u0103rturisesc \u00een Hristos natura mea \u00eenainte de unire \u0219i o singur\u0103 natur\u0103 dup\u0103 unire\u201d. Dup\u0103 cum v\u0103d oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, r\u0103spunsul s\u0103u a fost diplomatic, deoarece a spus: \u201eRecunosc dou\u0103 naturi \u00eenainte de unire \u0219i nu spun dou\u0103 naturi dup\u0103 unire\u201d. A protestat \u00eempotriva t\u0103ierii \u0219i a cerut dreptate. Flabianos a indicat c\u0103 Eusebiu, episcopul Dorolei, ar trebui s\u0103 fie ascultat, dar Albedius, reprezentantul \u00eemp\u0103ratului, a refuzat s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru. De asemenea, nu avea voie s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 scrisori de la Episcopul Romei.<\/p>\n

P\u0103rin\u021bii ortodoc\u0219i \u0219i neortodoc\u0219i din acest conciliu credeau c\u0103 conciliul a fost convocat cu inten\u021bia de a declara achitarea lui Eutyches, \u00eentruc\u00e2t membrii Consiliului de la Constantinopol - care l-a excomunicat pe Eutihe ereticul - au fost \u00eempiedica\u021bi s\u0103 voteze \u0219i Dioscor - care l-a achitat. Eutyches ereticul - \u0219i-a asumat pre\u0219edin\u021bia consiliului, partidul opus lui Flabianos \u0219i consiliului s\u0103u. Punctul care a spart paharul c\u0103milei a fost e\u0219ecul de a citi Tomos Leo \u00een consiliu.<\/p>\n

Apoi a \u00eenceput s\u0103 recite lucr\u0103rile Sinodului de la Constantinopol, care l-a condamnat la moarte pe Eutyches. C\u00e2nd cititorul a ajuns la fraza: \u201eEusebiu interna\u021bional \u0219i-a depus eforturile pentru a-l face pe Eutihe s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 dou\u0103 naturi \u00een Hristos\u201d, un num\u0103r mare dintre cei prezen\u021bi au scandat: \u201eEusebiu s\u0103 fie ars de viu \u0219i s\u0103 fie t\u0103iat pentru c\u0103 a vrut s\u0103 \u00eemparte pe Hristos.\u201d Atunci Dioscor a supus la vot problema lui Eutihe \u0219i a declarat, cu integritatea p\u0103rerii sale, o sut\u0103 paisprezece episcopi, dintre care primul a fost Domnus, episcopul Antiohiei. Eutyches a fost recunoscut ca ortodox \u0219i a fost readus \u00een pozi\u021bia \u0219i conducerea m\u0103n\u0103stirii sale.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 aceasta, Dioscor a reamintit membrilor \u00een \u0219edin\u021b\u0103 pozi\u021bia celui de-al treilea Sinod Ecumenic fa\u021b\u0103 de cei care \u00eendr\u0103znesc s\u0103 \u00eencalce Constitu\u021bia de la Niceea \u0219i a cerut condamnarea lui Flabianos \u0219i Eusebiu pe aceast\u0103 baz\u0103. Flabianos a protestat, iar diaconul roman Hilarobus a strigat \u00een latin\u0103: \u201eContradicitur.\u201d Unii episcopi s-au apropiat de Dioscor \u0219i l-au rugat s\u0103 aib\u0103 r\u0103bdare \u0219i r\u0103bdare, dar ura \u0219i invidia acumulate din Sinodul al doilea ecumenic din Alexandria \u00eempotriva Constantinopolului l-au f\u0103cut s\u0103 pretind\u0103 c\u0103 au avut r\u0103bdare. l-a amenin\u021bat.Dioscor nu a a\u0219teptat ca problema s\u0103 fie rezolvat\u0103 prin metoda obi\u0219nuit\u0103 de cercetare \u0219i a decis s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 for\u021ba, a\u0219a c\u0103 a adunat o audien\u021b\u0103 de C\u0103lug\u0103ri apar\u021bin\u00e2nd lui Eutyches \u0219i al\u021bii au fost transporta\u021bi la locul complexului \u0219i a cerut ajutor din partea reprezentan\u021bilor \u00eemp\u0103ratului. Au deschis u\u0219ile bisericii \u0219i au adus solda\u021bi, c\u0103lug\u0103ri, marinari egipteni \u0219i al\u021bi membri ai gloatei.<\/p>\n

S-a produs o mare tulburare, iar lucrarea conciliar\u0103 pe care o \u00eencepuse a fost sf\u00e2\u0219iat\u0103, degetele c\u0103rturarilor au fost rupte, iar episcopii ortodoc\u0219i au fost alunga\u021bi dup\u0103 multe b\u0103t\u0103i. C\u00e2t despre cei r\u0103ma\u0219i, au fost for\u021ba\u021bi s\u0103 semneze pe gol. paginile Pragammentului.\u00cen zadar, Flavianus a \u00eencercat s\u0103 recurg\u0103 la sfin\u021benia altarului. C\u0103lug\u0103rii l-au t\u00e2r\u00e2t cu \u00eendr\u0103zneal\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 a c\u0103zut la p\u0103m\u00e2nt, iar Dioscor \u0219i grupul lui Barsoum l-au c\u0103lcat \u00een picioare.A fost scos, \u00eentemni\u021bat \u0219i a murit trei zile mai t\u00e2rziu \u00een drum spre exil. Dioscorus a fost acuzat c\u0103 l-a ucis. C\u00e2t despre Eusebiu, episcopul Dorlei, acesta a fost mai norocos \u0219i a putut s\u0103 evadeze \u0219i s\u0103 se refugieze la Roma.<\/p>\n

Acest consiliu \u0219i-a \u021binut \u0219edin\u021ba \u00een data de dou\u0103zeci \u0219i doi august a aceluia\u0219i an \u0219i a luat \u00een considerare cazul lui Iba, episcopul Edesei. A ascultat ac\u021biunile Conciliului din Antiohia, decizia cur\u021bii din Beirut \u0219i m\u0103rturiile judec\u0103torului de la Edessa, a\u0219a c\u0103 l-a retrogradat din func\u021bia sa episcopal\u0103 \u0219i l-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat de la exercitarea puterilor preo\u021be\u0219ti.<\/p>\n

Consiliul a luat \u00een considerare \u0219i cazul lui Daniel, episcopul Harranului, \u0219i l-a considerat inapt s\u0103 fie preot. Sinodul ia excomunicat pe Irineu, episcopul Tirului, \u0219i pe Clementus, episcopul din Jbeil. Acest om a fost hirotonit episcop de c\u0103tre Irineu. Sinodul ia cerut lui Fotie, noul episcop al Tirului, s\u0103 hirotoneasc\u0103 un alt episcop pentru Byblos. A fost r\u00e2ndul lui Sofronius, episcopul Constantinopolului. Fusese acuzat de vr\u0103jitorie, ghicire, ruperea postului \u0219i m\u00e2ncarea \u0219i lupta cu un anume evreu. Consiliul a hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 treac\u0103 dosarul lui Sofronie \u00een custodia Mitropolitului Edesei.<\/p>\n

Apoi am citit c\u00e2teva pasaje din lucr\u0103rile lui Teodoret, Episcopul Cirului, care i-a acuzat de nestorianism, iar Dioscor a poruncit ca aceste lucr\u0103ri s\u0103 fie arse, iar proprietarul lor s\u0103 fie scos din scaunul episcopal \u0219i deportat, de\u0219i nu era \u00een consiliu, \u00eentruc\u00e2t nu a fost invitat. Dioscor a atras aten\u021bia lui Domnus asupra acestor chestiuni, iar Domnus a fost de acord cu aceste sugestii \u0219i, astfel, a ie\u0219it cu credin\u021ba corect\u0103. Prin urmare, cel mai probabil, Sinodul de la Calcedon s-a ab\u021binut s\u0103-\u0219i reconsidere cazul. Teodoret l-a consultat pe episcopul Romei \u0219i pe episcopii din Apus, dar f\u0103r\u0103 rezultat. Spera c\u0103 i se permite s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la m\u0103n\u0103stirea sa de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Abameya \u0219i i s-a dat asta.<\/p>\n

Domnus promisese dinainte c\u0103 va fi de acord cu toate m\u0103surile luate \u00eempotriva nestorienilor. Dar acest lucru nu a fost suficient pentru a-l ignora. \u00cen ochii lui Dioscor \u0219i a asisten\u021bilor s\u0103i, el a fost prieten cu Flabian, episcop de Constantinopol, Teodoret \u0219i protector al nestorienilor. A fost condamnat la divor\u021b. S-a \u00eentors \u00een Palestina pe coasta Ierihonului \u0219i a locuit l\u00e2ng\u0103 marele s\u0103u profesor, Efthymios. Flabianos a fost succedat \u00een scaunul Constantinopolului de c\u0103tre Atatolius, reprezentantul lui Dioscor \u00een capital\u0103. Domnus Maximus (449-455), du\u0219man al lui Ioan din Antiohia \u0219i prieten al Alexandriei, a fost succedat. Astfel, Dioscor \u0219i-a satisf\u0103cut ura \u0219i l\u0103comia, chiar dac\u0103 l-a costat o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a dreptei credin\u021be. F\u0103c\u00e2ndu-L pe Hristos o natur\u0103 din dou\u0103.<\/p>\n

Proteste de la Roma:<\/span><\/strong> Leon cel Mare nu s-a mul\u021bumit cu aceast\u0103 ascultare - \u0219i el a fost cel care i-a dat acest nume - \u0219i nu a t\u0103cut, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00een toamna anului 449 a scris \u00eemp\u0103ratului, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103tesei, clerului \u0219i oameni, opun\u00e2ndu-se la ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u0219i solicit\u00e2nd ca un conciliu ecumenic s\u0103 fie organizat pentru a se reconsidera, cu condi\u021bia ca acesta s\u0103 fie un conciliu drept. Dar lui Teodosie nu i-a p\u0103sat \u0219i nu a r\u0103spuns. A\u0219a c\u0103 episcopul roman a fost eliberat din nou \u00een ziua de Cr\u0103ciun. Apoi, la \u00eenceputul anului 450, Valentinian al III-lea, mama sa Placidia \u0219i so\u021bia sa Evdoxia au ajuns la Roma, a\u0219a c\u0103 Leo i-a rugat cu lacrimi s\u0103-i scrie lui Teodosie. Ei au scris, dar Teodosie a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat a fost suficient \u0219i c\u0103 nu este nevoie s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 un alt conciliu.<\/p>\n

Policharia \u0219i Marcianus:<\/span><\/strong> Teodosie a c\u0103zut de pe cal \u0219i a murit la dou\u0103zeci \u0219i opt iulie \u00een anul 450. Nu a avut fiu, a\u0219a c\u0103 sora sa Policharia a preluat-o. Apoi s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu comandantul ei de armat\u0103, Marcianus, cu condi\u021bia s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 fecioar\u0103 \u0219i ca c\u0103s\u0103toria s\u0103 se limiteze la participarea la administrarea imperiului.<\/p>\n

{Oamenii de o singur\u0103 voin\u021b\u0103 \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 denatureze Sf\u00e2nta Polikharia critic\u00e2ndu-i c\u0103s\u0103toria dup\u0103 ce s-a jurat monahismului, iar noi le spunem: Sf\u00e2nta Polikharia s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit, dar condi\u021bia ei pentru c\u0103s\u0103torie era ca s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 o via\u021b\u0103 de feciorie. Asta confirm\u0103 dr. Asad Rustom \u00een \u201eDisputa hristologic\u0103\u201d... \u0218i \u0219tim cu to\u021bii c\u0103 Maica Domnului a fost \u00eenaintea poporului so\u021bia Sf\u00e2ntului Iosif, dar a fost fecioar\u0103 \u00eenainte, \u00een timpul \u0219i dup\u0103 na\u0219terea Cuv\u00e2ntului \u00een trup... (Re\u021beaua)}<\/p>\n

Marcian a fost un om hot\u0103r\u00e2t care s-a bucurat de sprijinul armatei, a\u0219a c\u0103 Noua Roma a g\u0103sit un conduc\u0103tor potrivit pentru el. Marcian a anun\u021bat sf\u00e2r\u0219itul nedrept\u0103\u021bii \u0219i haosului prin executarea eunucului Chrysavius \u0219i deport\u00e2nd consilierul s\u0103u Eutyches. Episcopii asupri\u021bi l-au c\u0103utat pe el \u0219i pe Episcopul Romei. El a returnat exila\u021bii \u0219i Leo a fost de acord s\u0103 cheme un nou conciliu ecumenic pentru a analiza problema lui Eutyches \u0219i a repara ceea ce Dioscorius a distrus. Dar nu a acceptat ca acest consiliu s\u0103 se \u00eentruneasc\u0103 pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt italian, a\u0219a cum dorise Leo.<\/p>\n

Sinodul IV Ecumenic - Marele Sinod de la Calcedon<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

La \u0219aptesprezece mai 451, curtea lui Marcianus a emis o chemare ca un al patrulea sinod ecumenic s\u0103 fie deschis \u00een prima zi a lunii septembrie. Cinci sute de episcopi au r\u0103spuns acestei invita\u021bii \u0219i s-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit la Constantinopol pentru a merge de acolo la Niceea la timpul stabilit. Circumstan\u021bele militare au \u00eensemnat c\u0103 Marcianos a \u00eent\u00e2rziat s\u0103 participe, a\u0219a c\u0103 consiliul a fost am\u00e2nat pentru o scurt\u0103 perioad\u0103. Dioscor a profitat de aceast\u0103 ocazie pentru a submina \u0219i a sabota \u0219i s-a str\u0103duit cu s\u00e2rguin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103-l destituie pe Leo, episcopul Romei. Dar nu a g\u0103sit urechi surde \u00een afara cercurilor episcopilor egipteni. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, Maximus a fost recunoscut ca episcop al Antiohiei.<\/p>\n

Atunci Marcianus a dorit ca \u0219edin\u021bele de consiliu s\u0103 se \u021bin\u0103 la Chalidonion din cauza apropierii de capital\u0103. El a ordonat ca monahii s\u0103i s\u0103 fie \u00eendep\u0103rta\u021bi din el pentru a asigura pacea \u0219i senin\u0103tatea, a\u0219a c\u0103 au plecat. Sinodul al patrulea ecumenic \u0219i-a \u00eenceput lucr\u0103rile la 8 octombrie 451 la Calcedon.<\/p>\n

Delega\u021bia antiohian\u0103:<\/span><\/strong> Delega\u021bia antiohian\u0103 era format\u0103 din o sut\u0103 treizeci de episcopi, dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Primii episcopi ai Siriei:<\/span> Maximus, Episcop de Antiohia, Maras, Episcop de Khanasir (la sud-est de Alep, la \u0219aizeci de kilometri distan\u021b\u0103 de acesta), Theoktistus, Episcop de Alep, Romulus, Episcop de Qinnasrin, Policarius, Episcop de Jableh, Petru, Episcop de Jaboul, Macarius , Episcop de Latakia, Saba, Episcop al ora\u0219ului \u0219i Gerontius, Episcop de Silfakiyya.<\/li>\n
  2. Episcopii Siriei II:<\/span> Domnus, Episcopul Apamiei, Marcu, Episcopul Rastanului, Tethymotheus, Episcopul Banias, Eutychianus, Episcopul Hamai, Meletie, Episcopul Shaizarului, Pavel, Episcopul Maryaminului la est de Mshatta, Limbatheus, Episcopul Rehnia \u0219i Efesabius, Episcop de Jisr Shughur.<\/li>\n
  3. Episcopii asirieni:<\/span> Ei sunt dou\u0103zeci \u0219i doi, dintre care primul este Vasile, episcop de Saflakiyya, urmat de Iacov, episcop de Animorion \u0219i Acacius, episcop de Antiohia.<\/li>\n
  4. Episcopii Ciliciei I:<\/span> Theodoros, Episcopul Tarsului, Filip, Episcopul Adenului, Theodoros, Episcopul lui Augustus \u0219i al\u021bi cinci.<\/li>\n
  5. Episcopii Ciliciei II:<\/span> Kyros, Episcop de Ain Zerba, Iulian, Episcop de Alexandria, Bassian, Episcop de Mopsosti, Iulian, Episcop de Arsuz \u0219i al\u021bi cinci.<\/li>\n
  6. Episcopii Eufratului:<\/span> \u015etefan de Manbij, Qazma Cyrus, Timotei, Episcop de Dolek, David, Episcop de Jarabulus, Ioan, Episcop de Marash, Petricius, Episcop de Siffin, Maras, Episcop de Rum Qalaa, Atanasie, Episcop de Beren, Manianus, Episcop de Rusafa, Rufin, episcop de Smisat, Oratius, episcop al Siriei \u0219i zidul s\u0103u de pe Eufrat \u0219i Euphulgios, episcop de Belqis.<\/li>\n
  7. Episcopii Edesei:<\/span> Nonnus, episcop de Edessa, Daniel, episcop de Pyrrha, Damianus, episcop de Raqqa, Ibrahim, episcop de Kerasium, \u0219i poate circasienii de la gura Khabur din Eufrat, Sofronius, episcop de Constantin, Ioan, episcop de Harran, Qayuma, episcopul de Markopolis, a c\u0103rui loca\u021bie este necunoscut\u0103, \u0219i Ioan, episcopul arabilor.<\/li>\n
  8. Episcopii Mesopotamiei:<\/span> Simeon, episcop de Amed, Maras, episcop de Gaza (a c\u0103rui loca\u021bie este necunoscut\u0103), Qayyuma, episcop de Angel, Noe, episcop de Kefa, Zabanos, episcop de Mayafarqin \u0219i Efesabius, episcop de Suphanah.<\/li>\n
  9. Episcopii arabi:<\/span> Constantin, Episcop de Busra, Proclu, Episcop de Daraa, Malek, Episcop de Masmiya, Teodosie, Episcop de Qanat, Selim, Episcop de Constantin Laja, Maras, Episcop de Suwayda, Ioan, Episcop de Al-Sanamayn, Zeus, Episcop de Hisban , Anastasius, Episcop de Harran, Plancus, Episcop de Jerash, Giannos, Episcop de Madaba, Severus, Episcop de Nawa, Gothos, Episcop de Meshnaf, Euphlogius, Episcop de Amman, Hormidas, Episcop de Shehba \u0219i Nonos, Episcop de Adhar. .<\/li>\n
  10. Episcopii din Prima Fenicia \u0219i din Coasta:<\/span> Fotie, episcop de Tir, Alexandros, episcop de Tartous, Pavel, episcop de Arwad, Heraclit, episcop de Arqa, Efstathius, episcop de Beirut, Euphorius, episcop de Batroun, Petru, episcop de Byblos, Fosfor, episcop de Artuz, Olimp, Episcop de Banias, Toma, episcop al profetului Younes, Porfireon, Pavel, episcop de Akka, Damian, episcop de Sidon \u0219i Teodor, episcop de Tripoli.<\/li>\n
  11. Episcopii Fenicia II \u0219i Liban:<\/span> Teodor, episcop de Damasc, Yrdanos, episcop de Wadi Barada Market, Ibrahim, episcop de Harlana \u00een Ghouta, Thadas, episcop de Qara \u0219i Kanaker, Petru, episcop de Giroud, Theodoros, episcop de Mahin, Oranius, episcop de Homs, Toma, Episcop de Hawarin, Iosif, Episcop de Baalbek, Efesian, Episcop de Yabroud, Valerius, Episcop de Qatiya, Ioan, Episcop de Palmira \u0219i Efstathios, Episcop al Arabilor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Alte delegatii:<\/span><\/strong> Delega\u021bia roman\u0103 era format\u0103 din episcopii Baskasinus \u0219i Lucentius, episcopii Bonifatius \u0219i Vasile, iar Iulian, episcopul insulei Kos, li s-a al\u0103turat pentru a doua oar\u0103. A venit Dioscor, urmat de \u0219aptesprezece episcopi. Episcopii din Asia, Tracia, Grecia, Iliria \u0219i Africa s-au al\u0103turat acestora. Statul roman era reprezentat de Anatolius, marele comandant, Platius Praefectus al Orientului, Tatianus Praefectus al capitalei \u0219i cincisprezece oficiali.<\/p>\n

    Prima sesiune:<\/span><\/strong> Lucrarea Sinodului a fost deschis\u0103 pe 8 octombrie \u00een Biserica Sf\u00e2nta Eufemia din Calcedon \u00een prezen\u021ba acestui num\u0103r mare de episcopi (num\u0103rul p\u0103rin\u021bilor din acest Sinod a ajuns la 600) \u0219i prezen\u021ba unui num\u0103r de notabili de stat la fa\u021ba Sinodului \u00een fa\u021ba u\u0219ii regale, iar \u00een st\u00e2nga lor se aflau adjunc\u021bii Romei antice \u0219i Anatoliu, Episcopul Noii Rome. Maximus, Episcopul Antiohiei, iar \u00een dreapta lor, Dioscor, Episcopul Alexandriei, Eupinalius, Episcopul al Ierusalimului, apoi restul episcopilor din ambele p\u0103r\u021bi.<\/p>\n

    Dup\u0103 deschidere, Pascasinos s-a ridicat \u0219i a stat \u00een mijlocul sinodului \u0219i a spus conduc\u0103torilor statului: \u201ePreafericitul \u0219i apostolic episcop al ora\u0219ului Romanilor, capul tuturor bisericilor, ne-a poruncit s\u0103 ne adres\u0103m vou\u0103. pentru ca Dioscor, episcopul Alexandriei, s\u0103 nu stea cu noi. Ori iese el, ori ie\u0219im noi.\u201d Reprezentan\u021bii autorit\u0103\u021bii au decis ca Dioscorius s\u0103 stea \u00een mijlocul consiliului, a\u0219a c\u0103 a stat. Atunci Eusebiu, episcopul Dorlei, s-a ridicat \u0219i a prezentat o carte care con\u021binea un rezumat al voyeurismului care a avut loc la Efes. Dup\u0103 aceea, au fost citite lucr\u0103rile Sinodului Ho\u021bilor \u0219i apoi lucr\u0103rile Sinodului de la Constantinopol \u00eenaintea acestuia. Dup\u0103 ce au primit r\u0103spunsuri puternice, reprezentan\u021bii autorit\u0103\u021bii au propus t\u0103ierea pe Dioscor din Alexandria, Eubinalius din Ierusalim, Trivius din Cezareea, Eusebiu din Ankara, Efesian din Beirut \u0219i Basilius din Selfakia, deoarece ei erau liderii voyeurismului din Efes. Apoi \u0219edin\u021ba s-a ridicat, iar p\u0103rin\u021bii au ie\u0219it c\u00e2nt\u00e2nd: \u201eSfinte Dumnezeule, sf\u00e2nte, puternice, sfinte, cine nu moare, miluie\u0219te-ne pe noi.\u201d Este prima dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd trisagii sunt pomeni\u021bi \u00een istoria bisericii. Apoi au scandat: \u201eFie ca \u00eemp\u0103ratul s\u0103 aib\u0103 mul\u021bi ani!\u201d Hristos l-a r\u0103sturnat pe uciga\u0219ul Dioscor! Sfinte Dumnezeule, Sfinte Puternice, Sfinte Nemuritoare, miluieste-ne pe noi\u201d.<\/p>\n

    A doua sesiune:<\/span><\/strong> P\u0103rin\u021bii s-au \u00eentors la munc\u0103 pe 10 octombrie, iar Dioscor, Eupenalius \u0219i restul celor acuza\u021bi de voyeurism din Efes au r\u0103mas \u00een afara consiliului. Reprezentan\u021bii autorit\u0103\u021bii le-au cerut p\u0103rin\u021bilor aduna\u021bi s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare chestiunea credin\u021bei \u0219i s\u0103 convin\u0103 asupra unei formule pe care s\u0103 se bazeze. P\u0103rin\u021bii au declarat c\u0103 al treilea Sinod Ecumenic a interzis orice modificare a Crezului de la Niceea. Dar datorit\u0103 insisten\u021bei autorit\u0103\u021bii, p\u0103rin\u021bii au ascultat textele scrisorilor lui Chiril c\u0103tre Nestorie \u0219i Ioan \u0219i \u201eTomos\u201d, scrisoarea lui Leo c\u0103tre Flabianos, martirul. Cei mai mul\u0163i dintre p\u0103rin\u0163i au scandat: Aceasta este credin\u0163a p\u0103rin\u0163ilor, aceasta este credin\u0163a apostolilor. To\u021bi credem a\u0219a. Ortodoc\u0219ii cred asta. Cine nu crede a\u0219a este lipsit. Petru a propov\u0103duit aceast\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 prin Leu. Cyril \u0219tia asta. Cine nu crede a\u0219a este lipsit. Episcopii Palestinei au ezitat \u0219i au cerut explica\u021bii despre tomos, dar episcopii Egiptului nu au luat o pozi\u021bie anume din cauza absen\u021bei \u0219efului delega\u021biei lor, Dioscor. \u00cenainte ca \u0219edin\u021ba s\u0103 fie \u00eenchis\u0103, unii iliri i-au aplaudat pe episcopii acuza\u021bi.<\/p>\n

    A treia sesiune:<\/span><\/strong> Sinodul s-a \u00eentrunit \u00een a treia \u0219edin\u021b\u0103 pe 13 octombrie, \u00eentr-o biseric\u0103 adiacent\u0103 Bisericii Sf\u00e2nta Efimia, care con\u021bine r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele unor martiri. Reprezentan\u021bii autorit\u0103\u021bilor au lipsit. Eusebiu, episcopul Dorolei, s-a ridicat \u0219i a citit un nou memoriu \u00een care se explic\u0103 gre\u0219elile \u0219i p\u0103catele lui Dioscor. Apoi a fost urmat de patru seminari\u0219ti alexandrini care l-au criticat pe Dioscor \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te pozi\u021bia sa fa\u021b\u0103 de familia predecesorului s\u0103u Chiril, cruzimea \u0219i nedreptatea sa \u0219i \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te l\u0103comia de bani \u0219i l\u0103comia de a-i colecta. Deci consiliul l-a chemat de trei ori pe Dioscor, dar el nu a participat. A\u0219a c\u0103 Pascasinos, \u0219eful consiliului, a spus: Dioscor a fost invitat de trei ori, dar nu a participat. Ce merit\u0103 aceast\u0103 persoan\u0103 care dispre\u021buie\u0219te consiliul? Consiliul a spus: El merit\u0103 pedeapsa celor neascult\u0103tori. Atunci Lucian, Episcopul Pisei \u0219i Episcopul adjunct al lui Heraclius, a spus: Sinodul Ecumenic anterior a luat m\u0103suri \u00eempotriva lui Nestorie, a\u0219a c\u0103 s\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la m\u0103surile sale \u0219i s\u0103 ac\u021bion\u0103m \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103. Baskasinos a spus: Ne ordona\u021bi s\u0103 aplic\u0103m pedepse biserice\u0219ti \u00eempotriva lui? Consiliul a spus: \u201eSuntem de acord cu ceea ce este bine\u201d. Episcopul Iulian s-a adresat delega\u021biei de la Roma \u0219i a cerut liderului acesteia, Baskasinus, s\u0103 clarifice pedeapsa specificat\u0103 \u00een legi. Baskasinos a spus: Repet, ce aprobi? Maximus, episcopul Antiohiei cel Mare, a spus: \u201eOrice aprob\u0103 neprih\u0103nirea ta, noi aprob\u0103m\u201d. Pascasinos a propus t\u0103ierea lui Dioscor pentru c\u0103 l-a achitat pe Eutyches \u0219i l-a acceptat \u00een p\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ie \u00eenainte de \u00eent\u00e2lnirea din Efes, pentru c\u0103 nu a permis ca scrisoarea lui Leon s\u0103 fie citit\u0103 \u00een conciliu \u0219i pentru c\u0103 a insistat s\u0103 rup\u0103 rela\u021bia cu ortodoc\u0219ii. Anatoliu, Episcopul Noii Rome, a spus: Eu cred \u00een toate, ca Sf\u00e2ntul Scaun, \u0219i sunt de acord cu amputarea lui Dioscor. Maximus, Episcopul Antiohiei, a spus: \u00cel pun pe Dioscor sub pedeapsa ecleziastic\u0103 pronun\u021bat\u0103 de Leo, Episcopul Vechii Rome, \u0219i Anatoliu, Episcopul Noii Rome. Mul\u021bi al\u021bii au fost de acord, a\u0219a c\u0103 Dioscor a fost condamnat la moarte. C\u00e2t despre episcopii r\u0103ma\u0219i care au fost acuza\u021bi, ace\u0219tia \u0219i-au exprimat remu\u0219c\u0103ri \u0219i au primit iertare.<\/p>\n

    A patra \u0219i a cincea sesiune:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cen sesiunile a patra \u0219i a cincea, p\u0103rin\u021bii au discutat chestiunea credin\u021bei. Ei l-au privit pe Tomos Leo \u00een lumina Constitu\u021biei Credin\u021bei care a fost promulgat\u0103 \u00een Sinodul I \u0219i al Doilea Ecumenic \u0219i \u00een lumina defini\u021biilor Sf\u00e2ntului Chiril, a\u0219a cum sunt afirmate \u00een lucr\u0103rile Sinodului al Treilea Ecumenic.<\/p>\n

    Treisprezece episcopi egipteni au prezentat o list\u0103 de credin\u021b\u0103 care a dovedit ata\u0219amentul lor fa\u021b\u0103 de credin\u021ba p\u0103rin\u021bilor din vremea Evanghelistului Marcu \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele lui Chiril, i-au denun\u021bat pe Arie, Phatumius, Mani \u0219i Nestorie, dar au r\u0103mas t\u0103cu\u021bi despre Eutihe. Sinodul i-a mustrat \u0219i a spus c\u0103 lucreaz\u0103 \u00een conformitate cu Legea a \u0219asea de la Nicee, deoarece nu le era permis s\u0103-\u0219i exprime o opinie f\u0103r\u0103 aprobarea Episcopului Alexandriei.<\/p>\n

    Barsoum a \u00eencercat s\u0103-l apere pe Dioscorius, dar nu a reu\u0219it. Abia ap\u0103ruse \u00een fa\u021ba p\u0103rin\u021bilor aduna\u021bi, c\u00e2nd s-au auzit voci c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 plece. Unii au spus: \u201eAfar\u0103, criminale, pe scen\u0103, la fiarele feroce\u201d. Barsoum \u0219i delega\u021bia monahal\u0103 care \u00eel \u00eenso\u021beau au plecat.<\/p>\n

    A fost scris\u0103 pentru a reprezenta toate opiniile consiliului, pentru a fi considerat\u0103 o imagine a unei m\u0103rturisiri care hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te asupra problemei de o natur\u0103 ridicat\u0103 de Eutyches. Acest comitet \u0219i-a \u00eendeplinit bine sarcina care i-a fost \u00eencredin\u021bat\u0103 \u0219i a \u00eenaintat consiliului la a cincea sesiune un proiect de recunoa\u0219tere, al c\u0103rui text este urm\u0103torul:<\/p>\n

    To\u021bi pred\u0103m o singur\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103, urm\u00e2nd sfin\u021bii p\u0103rin\u021bi. Recunoa\u0219tem c\u0103 fiul unuia este acela\u0219i Domn Isus Hristos. El \u00eensu\u0219i este perfect dup\u0103 divinitate \u0219i el \u00eensu\u0219i este perfect dup\u0103 umanitate. Dumnezeu adev\u0103rat \u0219i om adev\u0103rat. El \u00eensu\u0219i este dintr-un singur suflet \u0219i un singur trup. Egal cu Tat\u0103l \u00een esen\u021ba Dumnezeirii. El \u00eensu\u0219i este egal cu noi \u00een esen\u021ba umanit\u0103\u021bii, asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu noi \u00een toate, cu excep\u021bia p\u0103catului. N\u0103scut din Tat\u0103l \u00eenainte de veacuri dup\u0103 divinitate. El \u00eensu\u0219i, \u00een zilele din urm\u0103, s-a n\u0103scut din Fecioara Maria, Maica Domnului, dup\u0103 omenire, de dragul nostru \u0219i pentru m\u00e2ntuirea noastr\u0103. El este cunoscut a fi Mesia, Fiul, Domnul \u0219i unul \u0219i acela\u0219i \u00een dou\u0103 naturi, f\u0103r\u0103 amestecare, schimbare, divizare sau separare, f\u0103r\u0103 ca diferen\u021ba de naturi s\u0103 fie negata din cauza unirii. din fiecare dintre cele dou\u0103 naturi se p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103. Ambele constituie o singur\u0103 persoan\u0103 \u0219i un singur ipostaz\u0103, nu \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite sau \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 persoane, ci mai degrab\u0103 El este Fiul. \u0218i exist\u0103 un singur Dumnezeu, Cuv\u00e2ntul, Domnul Isus Hristos, ca profe\u021bii au proorocit despre El de la \u00eenceput \u0219i a\u0219a cum ne-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat \u00censu\u0219i Domnul Iisus Hristos \u0219i cum ne-a \u00eenm\u00e2nat Constitu\u021bia P\u0103rin\u021bilor.<\/p>\n

    A \u0219asea sesiune:<\/span><\/strong> La aceast\u0103 sesiune, pe 25 octombrie, \u00eemp\u0103ratul a participat personal \u0219i s-a adresat p\u0103rin\u021bilor, \u00eendemn\u00e2ndu-i s\u0103 fie s\u0103n\u0103to\u0219i \u0219i pa\u0219nici. S-a hot\u0103r\u00e2t apoi soborul, iar p\u0103rin\u021bii l-au aprobat \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103ratul l-a ratificat.<\/p>\n

    Anvelope \u0219i Beirut:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cen cea de-a patra sesiune, P\u0103rin\u021bii au luat \u00een considerare invita\u021bia adus\u0103 de Fotie, Episcopul Tirului, lui Efestathie, Episcopul Beirutului. Rezumatul acestei invita\u021bii este c\u0103 Anatoliu, Episcopul Constantinopolului, l-a d\u0103ruit lui Efestathius, Episcopul Beirutului, cu ocazia ridic\u0103rii sale la rangul de Mitropolit, prezid\u00e2nd episcopiile din Byblos, Batroun, Tripoli, Artuz, Akkar \u0219i Tartous. , dup\u0103 ce toate acestea au fost supuse Mitropolitului Tirului. Sinodul l-a \u00eenvinuit pe Anatoliu pentru aceast\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lcare \u0219i a hot\u0103r\u00e2t ca aceste episcopii s\u0103 fie returnate Mitropolitului Tirului.<\/p>\n

    Teodorit \u0219i Ebba:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cen cea de-a opta sesiune, Teodoret, episcopul lui Cirus, a pronun\u021bat pentru prima dat\u0103 t\u0103ierea lui Nestorie: \u201e\u0218i cine nu o nume\u0219te pe Fecioara Maria, N\u0103sc\u0103toarea lui Dumnezeu, face doi din singurul Fiu\u201d. Sofronius, episcopul lui Constantin de Edessa, \u0219i Ioan, episcopul de Mara\u0219, au urmat exemplul. Consiliul le-a recunoscut pe toate ca fiind ortodoxe. \u00cen cea de-a zecea \u0219edin\u021b\u0103, Iba a fost achitat.<\/p>\n

    Biserica din Ierusalim:<\/span><\/strong> Sfin\u021bii p\u0103rin\u021bi aduna\u021bi la Niceea \u00een Sinodul I Ecumenic i-au acordat Episcopului Ierusalimului anumite privilegii de care nu le cunoa\u0219tem \u0219i, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, au p\u0103strat drepturile Mitropolitului Eparhiei \u0219i ale Episcopului Cezareei. De c\u00e2nd a preluat tronul patronajului, Eubinalius \u00eencepuse s\u0103 exercite puteri mult mai largi dec\u00e2t permiteau obiceiul \u0219i tradi\u021bia. El a a\u0219teptat cu ner\u0103bdare s\u0103-\u0219i exercite autoritatea \u00een Arabia \u0219i Fenicia, a\u0219a c\u0103 episcopii din aceste dou\u0103 eparhii au urmat exemplul. El a falsificat documente, \u00een special \u00een Efes, pentru a dovedi un adev\u0103r despre care nimeni nu \u0219tia. Cyril i-a interceptat calea \u0219i situa\u021bia lui a fost dezv\u0103luit\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 a r\u0103mas t\u0103cut \u0219i a a\u0219teptat o oportunitate favorabil\u0103. C\u00e2nd vremea s-a \u00eentunecat \u0219i p\u0103rin\u021bii s-au adunat pentru a analiza problema lui Eutykha, el a revenit la cererea lui anterioar\u0103. \u00cen cea de-a \u0219aptea sesiune a Sinodului Calcedonian, \u021binut\u0103 la dou\u0103zeci \u0219i \u0219ase octombrie a anului 451, episcopii Antiohiei \u0219i Ierusalimului au ajuns la o \u00een\u021belegere, iar Maximus a recunoscut autoritatea lui Eupinalius asupra ora\u0219elor mari Besan, Cezareea \u0219i Petra. Eupinalius s-a ab\u021binut s\u0103 pretind\u0103 vreo autoritate \u00een Fenicia \u0219i Arabia.<\/p>\n

    Episcopul Noii Rome:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cen sesiunile a unsprezecea p\u00e2n\u0103 la a paisprezecea, au fost rezolvate probleme legate de episcopii din Asia. La a cincisprezecea sesiune, Consiliul a promulgat treizeci de legi care sunt \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een vigoare. Legea a noua prevede c\u0103, dac\u0103 apare o disput\u0103 \u00eentre un duhovnic \u0219i mitropolitul eparhiei, aceasta va fi transmis\u0103 slujitorului \u00eendemnului \u0219i persoanei care st\u0103 pe tronul Constantinopolului. Aceasta a venit \u00een legea a \u0219aptesprezecea. Canonul Dou\u0103zeci \u0219i Opt prevedea egalitatea \u00een demnitate \u00eentre episcopii Noii Rome \u0219i Vechii Rome. Delega\u021bia roman\u0103 a obiectat la aceast\u0103 egalitate.<\/p>\n

    Finalizarea lucrarilor:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cemp\u0103ratul a ratificat aceste hot\u0103r\u00e2ri \u0219i legi \u0219i a dizolvat Sinodul IV Ecumenic. El i-a \u00eempiedicat pe adep\u021bii lui Eutykha s\u0103 organizeze petreceri religioase. Eutyches a fost purificat \u0219i a murit la scurt timp dup\u0103 aceea, Dioscor a fost, de asemenea, exilat \u0219i pus \u00een arest la domiciliu \u00een templul Aflagonian.<\/p>\n

    Comentariu preluat din buletinul parohiei mele:<\/strong><\/span> Sinodul al IV-lea Ecumenic a clarificat doctrina dreapt\u0103 folosind expresia \u201ecele dou\u0103 naturi\u201d \u00een Hristos. Cu toate acestea, Bisericile R\u0103s\u0103ritene nu au fost toate de acord cu aceast\u0103 defini\u021bie, deoarece unele dintre ele (siriac\u0103, copt\u0103 \u0219i armean\u0103) au respins-o \u0219i vedea \u00een fraz\u0103 o \u00eentoarcere la nestorianism. Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 ast\u0103zi multe opinii pozitive printre r\u00e2ndurile celor care resping Sinodul de la Calcedon, care v\u0103d c\u0103 diferen\u021bele asupra Sinodului sunt verbale \u0219i solicit\u0103 acceptarea acestuia prin \u00een\u021belegerea deciziilor sale ca o reafirmare a hot\u0103r\u00e2rilor celui de-al treilea ecumenic. Consiliu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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