{"id":701,"date":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","date_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/saif-addula-al-hamadani\/"},"modified":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","modified_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","slug":"saif-addula-al-hamadani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/ro\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/saif-addula-al-hamadani\/","title":{"rendered":"Saif al-Dawla al-Hamdani"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"center\"><strong>Epoca de aur a romului<br \/>843-1025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Statul Hamdanid:<\/span><\/strong> (942-1003) Nu a avut loc nicio \u00eentrerupere nou\u0103 \u00een corpul statului abbasid \u00een zilele lui Al-Mu\u2019tadid (892-902) \u0219i Al-Muktafi (902-908). Dar \u00een timpul domniei lui Al-Muqtadir (908-932), statul a revenit la starea anterioar\u0103 de dezintegrare, apoi Al-Qahir (932-934), Al-Radi (934-940), Al-Muttaqi (940-940). 944), \u0219i Al-Mustakfi (944-946) \u0219i-au pierdut ultimele st\u0103ri, diminu\u00e2nd astfel autoritatea temporal\u0103 a califului \u00een \u00eentregime.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Printre cei care aspirau la regalitate \u0219i autoritate \u00een timpul acestei dizolvari s-au num\u0103rat \u0219i unele triburi arabe beduine. Poate c\u0103 cei mai faimo\u0219i dintre ace\u0219tia sunt Banu Taghlib. \u00cen anul 905, \u00een timpul domniei lui Al-Muktafi, cel mai mare lor, prin\u021bul Abdullah bin Hamdan, a reu\u0219it s\u0103 monopolizeze puterea \u00een Mosul \u0219i \u00eemprejurimile sale. \u00cen anul 942, fiul s\u0103u Hassan \u0219i Ali au reu\u0219it s\u0103 pun\u0103 m\u00e2na pe titlurile lui Nasir al-Dawla I \u0219i Saif al-Dawla II. Sayf al-Dawla a p\u0103truns \u00een Jazira \u00een anul 937. \u00cen anul 944, a intrat \u00een Alep \u0219i a \u00eenfiin\u021bat acolo un stat care a durat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1003. Nasir al-Dawla a r\u0103mas la Mosul, calm\u00e2nd conflictele de la Bagdad, \u00een timp ce Sayf al-Dawla a r\u0103mas la Mosul. Dawla s-a ridicat \u0219i l-a atacat pe Hussam - Saif al-Islam - \u00een fa\u021ba romanilor. A continuat s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd a murit \u00een anul 967.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd Sayf al-Dawla s-a stabilit \u00een Alep \u0219i a f\u0103cut din ea capitala regatului s\u0103u \u0219i o baz\u0103 pentru opera\u021biunile sale militare, principalele lupte dintre romani \u0219i musulmani s-au mutat de pe frontul armean la o nou\u0103 linie care se \u00eentindea de la Cilicia la Diyarbakir. Ini\u021biativa \u00een aceste r\u0103zboaie a trecut la romani. Exper\u021bii consider\u0103 c\u0103 victoria romanilor asupra musulmanilor \u00een secolul al X-lea a fost nu numai rezultatul sl\u0103biciunii abbazide, ci mai degrab\u0103 c\u0103 a rezultat dintr-o re\u00eennoire, vigilen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i activitate \u00een r\u00e2ndul romanilor \u0219i c\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 ace\u0219tia difer\u0103 \u00een ras\u0103, au fost uni\u021bi \u00een ortodoxie \u0219i \u00een l\u0103udarea cu gloriile trecute. Au sim\u021bit nevoia s\u0103-\u0219i reconsidere sistemele politice, sociale \u0219i economice \u0219i necesitatea Perfec\u021bion\u0103rii armatei \u0219i a o completa pentru a ob\u021bine beneficiul dorit. \u00cen viziunea acestor oameni, romanii din secolul al X-lea erau aten\u021bi \u0219i activi, nu neaten\u021bi \u0219i diviza\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>Hamdanizii au \u00eempov\u0103rat triburile peninsulei cu taxe, inclusiv pe Banu Habib. Banu Habib au fost \u0219i ei victorio\u0219i, a\u0219a c\u0103 situa\u021bia le-a fost grea, a\u0219a c\u0103 au fost captura\u021bi \u0219i apoi au ie\u0219it la lupt\u0103. Nasir al-Dawla i-a atacat \u00een anul 935 \u0219i i-a subjugat. Au contat s\u0103 plece. Deci zece mii de cavaleri s-au ridicat cu femeile, copiii \u0219i sclavii lor, au trecut grani\u021bele, s-au refugiat la romani \u0219i s-au \u00eentors la cre\u0219tinism, religia str\u0103mo\u0219ilor lor. Alte triburi ale insulei au urmat exemplul.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen anul 938, Sayf al-Dawla a \u00eenregistrat prima sa victorie asupra romanilor \u00een fa\u021ba Fortului Ziyad, \u00een care a intrat cu for\u021ba. Apoi a l\u0103sat-o lupt\u00e2nd, iar romanii l-au dep\u0103\u0219it \u00eentre Fort Ziyad \u0219i Fort Salam, a\u0219a c\u0103 cercul s-a \u00eentors spre romani a\u0219a cum a ap\u0103rut, iar Abu Firas a c\u00e2ntat victorie. \u00cen anul 939, romanii au desf\u0103\u0219urat o campanie \u00een Caucaz pentru a disciplina Karajul - \u00een prezent Georgia - pentru c\u0103 s-au ab\u021binut de la invadarea musulmanilor \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 erau ortodoc\u0219i \u0219i m\u0103rturiseau religia filozofilor. Karaji le-au cerut ajutor Hamdani. Saif al-Dawla a crescut \u00een \u021binuturile romane \u0219i a devenit liderul celui mai mare jihad \u0219i du\u0219manul cre\u0219tinismului dintre romani. \u00centre anii 940 \u0219i 944, Sayf al-Dawla a fost ocupat \u00een capitala Califatului, al c\u0103rui centru era autoritatea suprem\u0103. El i-a atacat pe romani \u00een Cilicia \u00een toamna anului 940 \u0219i au ajuns \u00een regiunea Kafr Tuta. . Apoi au lucrat \u00een Europa \u0219i s-au retras. S-au \u00eentors la \u00eenceputul anului 942 \u0219i au pornit pe c\u00e2mpiile Ciliciei p\u00e2n\u0103 la grani\u021bele siriene. Apoi, \u00een toamna acestui an, Garghun a atacat provincia Diyarbakir \u0219i a capturat Mayyafariqin, a\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat anterior. Ceea ce a fost problema a fost batista. \u00cen anul 944, Sayf al-Dawla a intrat \u00een Alep \u0219i Homs \u0219i le-a luat din m\u00e2inile ikhshidizilor. Romanii au pornit \u00een regiunea Mara\u0219 \u0219i \u00een zona Gharas, p\u00e2n\u0103 la intr\u0103rile \u00een Antiohia. Saif al-Dawla a r\u0103spuns prin raid \u00een regiunea Arabsus.<\/p>\n<p>A venit anul 946, iar cei doi adversari au f\u0103cut schimb de prizonieri pe vremea lui Salafakiyah. \u00cen prim\u0103vara anului 948, romanii au p\u0103r\u0103sit Malatya \u0219i Semisat \u0219i s-au \u00eendreptat spre insul\u0103 pentru a pune m\u00e2na pe culoarul Hadath-Mara\u0219. Sayf al-Dawla a rezistat b\u0103t\u0103liei de la Jalbat, care a fost men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00eentr-una dintre poeziile lui Abu Firas. \u00cen prim\u0103vara urm\u0103toare anului 949, Leo, fiul lui Phokas, a ap\u0103rut \u00eenaintea evenimentului \u0219i l-a asediat. El a intrat cu for\u021ba \u0219i i-a distrus cet\u0103\u021bile. De asemenea, romanii au capturat Marash \u0219i au luptat la zidurile Tarsului. Au fost du\u0219i \u00een insula Crete\u0219, dar f\u0103r\u0103 rezultat. \u00cen prim\u0103vara anului 950, Sayf al-Dawla a mers la Jazira pentru a-\u0219i inspecta afacerile Leo ibn Phocas a atacat nordul Siriei p\u00e2n\u0103 la intr\u0103rile \u00een Antiohia \u0219i a asediat Buqa \u00een c\u00e2mpia al-Amq ibn Nasir al-Dawla s-a ridicat s\u0103 lupte cu el, dar a e\u0219uat lamentabil.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tern \u0219i dezastru:<\/span><\/strong> (950) Saif al-Dawla s-a \u00eentors la Alep preg\u0103tindu-se s\u0103 lupte. El a adunat treizeci de mii de oameni \u0219i a luat trei dintre poe\u021bi, \u201eAl-Mutanabbi, Abu Firas \u0219i Abu Zuhair al-Muhalhal\u201d, \u0219i s-a ridicat la Marash \u0219i Malatya. a ocupat Sarika, a ucis, capturat \u0219i ars. Voia s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la Alep. Apoi a aflat c\u0103 Leo, fiul lui Phocas, s-a adunat \u00een zona Charsianon, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-a \u00eentors la el \u0219i i-a provocat mari pierderi. Apoi s-a \u00eendreptat spre sud, iar romanii i-au rezistat pe traseul Al-Jawzat dintre Al-Bastan \u0219i Al-Hadath. Avangarda lui Sayf al-Dawla a trecut, dar romanii nu au mutat nicio urm\u0103. Apoi Saif al-Dawla a venit \u0219i a g\u0103sit pasajul \u00eentrerupt, a\u0219a c\u0103 romanii au plouat cu pietre, pietre \u0219i s\u0103ge\u021bi asupra lui. Apoi romanii l-au prins din urm\u0103 a doua \u0219i a treia oar\u0103 \u0219i l-au epuizat, a\u0219a c\u0103 oamenii lui s-au \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiat \u0219i el a fugit spre Alep, a\u0219a c\u0103 acest r\u0103zboi a fost cunoscut sub numele de B\u0103t\u0103lia Nenorocirii.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">John Gemski:<\/span><\/strong> \u00cen anul 958, \u00een rezisten\u021ba lui Sayf al-Dawla au ap\u0103rut semne de sl\u0103biciune. John Tzimisces (John Samashek) a preluat conducerea romanilor El a ob\u021binut victorii succesive \u00een Peninsula Superioar\u0103 \u0219i a ocupat majoritatea ora\u0219elor. Apoi a asediat Samisat pe Eufratul de sus \u0219i a provocat o serie de \u00eenfr\u00e2ngeri cu Sayf al-Dawla Dup\u0103 anul 960, romanii au ad\u0103ugat \u00een posesia lor tot ce c\u0103dea la est de Eufrat, f\u0103c\u00e2nd din aceste zone tema insulei.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ocupa\u021bia lui Qaritesh:<\/span><\/strong> (960-961) Constantin al VII-lea a avut un fiu pe nume Romanos \u0219i s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu o fiic\u0103 pe nume Theophano c\u00e2nd avea \u0219aptesprezece ani. Theophano ura s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 printre soacra ei \u0219i fetele socrului ei. Ea l-a instruit pe so\u021bul ei, Romanos, s\u0103-\u0219i otr\u0103veasc\u0103 tat\u0103l, Constantin. A b\u0103ut o doz\u0103 din ea, iar Constantin a tr\u0103it doar un an. Romanos al II-lea era concentrat pe pofte \u0219i divertisment, a\u0219a c\u0103 s-a bazat pe so\u021bia sa pentru a gestiona problemele \u0219i pe un b\u0103rbat pe nume Joseph Bringas. Abrinkas a sim\u021bit sl\u0103biciunea arabilor \u0219i a v\u0103zut circumstan\u021bele ca fiind adecvate pentru a-l returna pe Qartish \u00een posesia roman\u0103. A\u0219a c\u0103 Nikephoros Phokas a preg\u0103tit o mare flot\u0103 \u0219i o mare armat\u0103 \u0219i a luat cu asalt \u0219an\u021bul \u0219i a intrat \u00een el cu for\u021ba \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 961, apoi a pus m\u00e2na pe \u00eentreaga insul\u0103. El a transferat comunit\u0103\u021bile grece\u0219ti \u0219i armene \u00een ea \u0219i l-a chemat pe Sf\u00e2ntul Evanghelist Nikon Matanoita s\u0103 predice acolo \u00een numele lui Hristos \u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i evanghelize locuitorii musulmani.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Pe\u0219tera Al-Kahl:<\/span><\/strong> (960) Saif al-Dawla a vrut s\u0103 profite de aceast\u0103 ocazie, a\u0219a c\u0103 a preg\u0103tit treizeci de mii \u0219i i-a condus la Kharshna. Leo Phocas s-a gr\u0103bit spre Dealurile Taurului pentru a-i bloca drumul \u00eenapoi \u0219i l-a luat \u00een ambuscad\u0103 \u00een Pasul Andrasos, \u201ePe\u0219tera lui Kohl\u201d, \u0219i l-a \u00eenvins acolo. Prada lui Leu a crescut, a\u0219a c\u0103 a capturat un num\u0103r mare de musulmani \u0219i i-a eliberat pe to\u021bi cei care fuseser\u0103 captura\u021bi de romani.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ain Zarba \u0219i Alep:<\/span><\/strong> (962) Nikephoros a decis s\u0103 profite de dezastrul care a avut loc pe Sayf al-Dawla \u0219i s\u0103 cucereasc\u0103 Cilicia, cea mai mare fort\u0103rea\u021b\u0103 maritim\u0103 islamic\u0103 dup\u0103 Creta \u0219i cel mai apropiat drum de Siria. A f\u0103cut un turneu de succes la \u00eenceputul anului 962, iar \u00een dou\u0103zeci \u0219i dou\u0103 de zile a cucerit cincizeci de ora\u0219e sau forturi. La \u00eenceputul Postului Mare, s-a \u00eentors \u00een Capadocia. A f\u0103cut-o din nou \u00een toamn\u0103 \u0219i a deschis Ain Zarba. Sayf al-Dawla nu a putut rezista confrunt\u0103rii sale de la Pasul Amanus, a\u0219a c\u0103 armatele lui Nikephoros s-au rev\u0103rsat \u00een c\u00e2mpiile Siriei p\u00e2n\u0103 la Manbij pe Eufrat. Apoi Nicofor a asediat Alep timp de unsprezece zile (20-31 decembrie 962) \u0219i a luat cu asalt zidul acestuia, dar nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 cetatea. S-a \u00eentors la Constantinopol cu mare prad\u0103. A aflat de moartea lui Romanos al II-lea \u00een drum spre capital\u0103.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a843-1025 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646: (942-1003) \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0636\u062f (892-902) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"709,700,643,1861,708,696,968,906,702,1025,1473,805","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[981,1348,1365],"class_list":["post-701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-church-history-to-twelfth-century","tag-981","tag-1348","tag-1365"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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