{"id":686,"date":"2009-02-24T23:49:12","date_gmt":"2009-02-24T23:49:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/great-persecution\/"},"modified":"2009-02-24T23:49:12","modified_gmt":"2009-02-24T23:49:12","slug":"great-persecution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/sv\/church-history\/church-history-to-nineteenth-century\/great-persecution\/","title":{"rendered":"Stor f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelse"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Dom f\u00f6re f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelse:<\/strong><\/span> Efter att Aurelianus d\u00f6dades i sitt f\u00e4ltt\u00e5g mot sassanerna \u00e5r 275, eftertr\u00e4dde flera kejsare tronen och d\u00f6dade varandra tills Diocletianus tog \u00f6ver \u00e5r 284 efter att arm\u00e9n st\u00f6ttat honom. Efter att ha \u00f6vertagit makten utn\u00e4mnde han tv\u00e5 kejsare i Rom, Maximianus i v\u00e4st och honom i \u00f6st, och uts\u00e5g f\u00f6r varje kejsare en Caesar som skulle hj\u00e4lpa honom i hans administration och ta \u00f6ver \u00e5t honom i h\u00e4ndelse av kejsarens d\u00f6d fick ocks\u00e5 administrationen av regioner s\u00e5 att han skulle bli den f\u00f6rste h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver dem, och \u00e5r 291 utn\u00e4mnde de Constantius Chlorus - Konstantins far - Caesar, assistent till Maximianus, och Galerius i \u00f6st. Diocletianus kunde \u00e5terst\u00e4lla Roms prestige, s\u00e5 han f\u00f6rde m\u00e5nga krig och rekonstruerade den.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Orsaker till f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelse:<\/strong><\/span> Under det tredje \u00e5rhundradet var kristendomen p\u00e5 h\u00f6jden av sin spridning, och bevis p\u00e5 detta \u00e4r etableringen av en kyrka i Nicomedia p\u00e5 kullen mittemot Diocletianus palats. De v\u00e4grade att helga statens heligheter och tvekade inte att vara uppriktiga med. hedningarna om sin tro och p\u00e5 Herren Jesus Kristus. Detta gjorde att de officiella och inofficiella konservativa romerska kretsarna blev uppr\u00f6rda, och r\u00f6sten fr\u00e5n hedniska filosofer och retoriker och retoriker blev h\u00f6gre och kr\u00e4vde att denna \u00f6verh\u00e4ngande fara skulle avv\u00e4rjas. Diocletianus sj\u00e4lv var fientlig mot kristendomen, eftersom han inte fann i dess folk f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att avv\u00e4rja de annalkande farorna. Men han gillade naturligtvis inte blodsutgjutelse, och han hatade v\u00e5ld, och f\u00f6rutom de yttre f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandena fick det honom att skjuta upp sin f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelse. Caesar Galerius hade \u00e4rvt fr\u00e5n sin mor en stark anknytning till gudarna, och han ville framst\u00e5 som en f\u00f6rsvarare av tron hos majoriteten av folket och rena arm\u00e9n fr\u00e5n varje oregerligt element. Han litade p\u00e5 sin arm\u00e9chef Vitorius. F\u00f6rutom Porphyroius och hans brev, som gjorde Diocletianus arg och knuffade honom till f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelse.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00f6sten av \u00e5r 302 anl\u00e4nde, och Diocletianus var i Antiochia och offrade till sitt instrument. Han bad Tagus, sp\u00e5m\u00e4nnens chef, att unders\u00f6ka offrets in\u00e4lvor och informera honom om \u00f6det. S\u00e5 han gjorde det, men han lyckades inte. Han h\u00e4vdade att de kristna runt honom f\u00f6rst\u00f6rde hans arbete genom att g\u00f6ra korstecknet. Kejsaren var uppr\u00f6rd och arg, s\u00e5 han beordrade alla m\u00e4n vid hovet att offra till gudarna. Han beordrade bef\u00e4lhavarna f\u00f6r de \u00f6stliga arm\u00e9erna att vara uppriktiga mot alla officerare och individer ang\u00e5ende fr\u00e5gan om att respektera och hedra gudarna, och att avskeda dem som avstod fr\u00e5n att g\u00f6ra det.<\/p>\n<p>Diocletianus \u00e5terv\u00e4nde till Nicomedia, sin huvudstad, och r\u00e5dfr\u00e5gade sin Caesar ang\u00e5ende kristendomen. Den senare insisterade p\u00e5 n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigheten av att ta till v\u00e5ld f\u00f6r att bli av med kristendomen och dess folk. Men kejsaren hatade blodsutgjutelse, s\u00e5 han bj\u00f6d in hovr\u00e4tten och ledarna f\u00f6r att diskutera skillnaden mellan honom och Galerius. Bland de inbjudna var Hierokles, filosofen. Han pekades ut f\u00f6r kraftfullt undertryckande, och de f\u00f6rsamlade h\u00f6ll med honom. Diocletianus v\u00e4ntade och beordrade att Apollon skulle inspireras. Sp\u00e5mannen gjorde det och bekr\u00e4ftade Herokles och hans kollegors \u00e5sikt.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>F\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelsen b\u00f6rjar:<\/strong><\/span> Men kejsaren h\u00f6ll undan och n\u00f6jde sig med att utf\u00e4rda ett dekret - den 23 februari 303 - som beordrade rivning av kyrkor och andra platser f\u00f6r kristen gudstj\u00e4nst, f\u00f6rst\u00f6relse av heliga b\u00f6cker och b\u00f6neb\u00f6cker och f\u00f6rbud mot att h\u00e5lla kollektiva b\u00f6ner. Han f\u00f6rbj\u00f6d kristna att \u00f6vervaka \u00e5tnjutandet av privilegierna f\u00f6r de klasser som de tillh\u00f6rde, och ans\u00e5g kristna fredl\u00f6sa, vilket fr\u00e5ntog dem r\u00e4tten att f\u00f6rsvara sina r\u00e4ttigheter inf\u00f6r domstol.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00e5 kv\u00e4llen den tjugotredje februari, innan det kejserliga testamentet tillk\u00e4nnagavs, attackerade polisen kyrkan mitt emot det kejserliga palatset, vandaliserade den och br\u00e4nde b\u00f6ckerna de hittade i den. P\u00e5 morgonen den tjugofj\u00e4rde klistrades testamentets texter p\u00e5 v\u00e4ggarna p\u00e5 Nicomedias gator. En kristen tog av en av dem och slet den, s\u00e5 han arresterades och br\u00e4ndes.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e4refter utbr\u00f6t en brand i en av domstolens flyglar, och Galerius anklagade de kristna. Sedan br\u00f6t en andra eld ut, och Galerius l\u00e4mnade Nicomic och f\u00f6rklarade att han inte ville br\u00e4nnas levande. Han visste hur man t\u00e4nder en eld i kejsarens br\u00f6st. De senare ans\u00e5g kristna vara hans fiender. Och hans vrede kom \u00f6ver dem.<\/p>\n<p>Kejsarens order utf\u00f6rdes i hela riket, med undantag av Gallien och Storbritannien, Helenas man, bojkottades vid denna tidpunkt i Malatya och Syrien, och soldaterna kallade att bli kejsare, och detta uppror tillskrevs. Kristna. Kejsaren utf\u00e4rdade tv\u00e5 order: den f\u00f6rsta beordrade f\u00e4ngelse av pr\u00e4sterskapet och den andra beordrade frigivningen av dem som hedrar gudarna.<\/p>\n<p>Diocletianus blev sjuk \u00e5r 304 och ersattes av Caesar Galerius. Han utf\u00e4rdade en order p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren 304 att f\u00f6rf\u00f6lja kristna och tvinga dem att underkasta sig Roms gudar.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Antiokia och dess stift:<\/strong><\/span> Den svepande str\u00f6mmen n\u00e5dde Antiokia i slutet av sin f\u00f6rsta m\u00e5nad, i slutet av mars \u00e5r 303 och runt p\u00e5sk den sjuttonde april. Dess biskop, Cyril, arresterades och \u00f6verf\u00f6rdes till Pannonien f\u00f6r att arbeta i dess gruvor. Tyrannus eftertr\u00e4dde honom. Romanos, diakonen i Caesarea i Palestina, var bosatt i Antiokia vid den tiden. Han reste sig f\u00f6r att st\u00e4rka sj\u00e4lar och varnade f\u00f6r att s\u00e4nka sin tunga och kastades i f\u00e4ngelset Gud sl\u00e4ckte det med ett moln som han f\u00f6rde fram. Han h\u00e4ngdes sedan i f\u00e4ngelse den artonde november \u00e5r 303. Tyrannius, en biskop, greps. Han fotograferades av Zenobius, pr\u00e4sten i Sidon odjur i en amfiteater Antiokia v\u00e4nde sig bort fr\u00e5n dem, och deras huvuden blev avhuggna.<\/p>\n<p>Under denna period blev officerarna Sergius och Bacchus martyrer, och Galerius kan ha b\u00f6rjat f\u00f6rf\u00f6lja sina kristna soldater innan f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelsen officiellt tillk\u00e4nnagavs, inklusive de tv\u00e5 officerarna, som tog emot martyrskapskransen i Eufratprovinsen, d\u00e4r han senare byggde ett tempel att hedra dem.<\/p>\n<p>Bland dem som ocks\u00e5 blev martyrer under denna tid var Saint George och Saint Barbara. Det \u00e4r troligt att detta var antingen i Lod av Saint George och Baalbek av Saint Barbara, och kanske blev de martyrer i Mindre Asien.<\/p>\n<p>Flavianus, h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver Palestina, var aktiv i genomf\u00f6randet av de kejserliga orderna \u00e5r 303 var Procopius l\u00e4saren. N\u00e5gra m\u00e5nader senare vann Zakia, diakonen f\u00f6r kyrkan i Gadar, och Alpheus, pr\u00e4sten i kyrkan i Caesarea, ocks\u00e5 martyrd\u00f6dets krona i Caesarea.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c5r 304, som n\u00e4mnts ovan, gjorde kejsaren det obligatoriskt f\u00f6r alla kristna att offra avgudar. Samma \u00e5r ersatte Orianus Flavianus, och han satte f\u00f6r\u00f6dmjukelse \u00f6ver Gazas folk och slog Timoteus, s\u00e5 han fick \u00e4rans krona. Agapius och Thecla blev martyrd\u00f6d tillsammans med honom bland huggt\u00e4nderna p\u00e5 vilda djur. I Caesarea Palestina h\u00e4pnade modet hos de \u00e5tta unga m\u00e4nnen, av vilka de mest k\u00e4nda var Feniciern Dionysius fr\u00e5n Tripoli, Romulus Abu Thiakon fr\u00e5n Lydda och Alexandros fr\u00e5n Gaza.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Galerius och Maximinus:<\/strong><\/span> (305-310) De tv\u00e5 kejsarna avgick och eftertr\u00e4ddes av Constantius i v\u00e4ster och Galerius i \u00f6ster. Den 1 maj 305 f\u00f6rklarade Flavianus Severus Caesar i v\u00e4st och Maximinus Daea Caesar i \u00f6st. Den senare var en grym fyllare, s\u00e5 hans anh\u00e4ngare b\u00f6rjade trakassera och f\u00f6rf\u00f6lja de kristna, s\u00e5 Epifianus blev martyrd\u00f6d 306 i Caesarea i Palestina. I Tyrus sattes Ulpianus i huden p\u00e5 en tjur och en hund och kastades i havet. I Antiokia str\u00e4ckte Sheikh Barlaha ut sin hand mot eldsflammorna tills den f\u00f6rt\u00e4rdes och han utsattes f\u00f6r fruktansv\u00e4rda \u00f6vergrepp. I Antiokia \u00f6verraskade soldaterna flickan, Plagia, ensam i sitt hus. Hon bad om tillst\u00e5nd att b\u00e4ra det vackraste hon hade, s\u00e5 hon gick upp p\u00e5 taket och kastade sig ner. Dhuminis fr\u00e5n Antiochia hade tv\u00e5 vackra d\u00f6ttrar, Irtakiyya och Brousthuki, som alla hade flytt till Edessa. N\u00e4r soldaterna visste var de befann sig, arresterade de dem och l\u00e4mnade tillbaka dem till Antiochia sig in i Eufrat. \u00c4ven detta \u00e5r fick Theodosius av Tyrus en \u00e4rekrans i Caesarea Palestina, och h\u00e4rskaren Lucius torterade ocks\u00e5 de tv\u00e5 l\u00e4karna, Cosmas och Damian, och halsh\u00f6gg dem med sv\u00e4rdet.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c5r 307 b\u00f6rjade Silvanus, Gazas pr\u00e4st, och hans f\u00f6ljeslagare sitt h\u00e5rda arbete i Wadi Araba, och Dumninos f\u00e4ngslades efter sm\u00e4rtsam pl\u00e5ga. \u00c5r 308 blev Paul Al-Ghazawi martyrd\u00f6d och bad om f\u00f6rl\u00e5telse f\u00f6r judarna, samariterna och b\u00f6deln som \u00f6vervakade hans tortyr. De tre unga m\u00e4nnen, Antoninus, Zebina och Germanus, och Pisan-flickan, Unatha och andra, blev ocks\u00e5 martyrer i elden. \u00c5r 309 mottog Pamphilus martyrskapets krona med elva martyrer, inklusive Valencius, shejken, diakonen f\u00f6r Aelia, som var k\u00e4nd f\u00f6r sina kunskaper om Bibelns vetenskaper, och Porphyrios kalligrafen.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 275\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 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