{"id":702,"date":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","date_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/theweaknessofthe-abbassids-and-the-roman-conquests\/"},"modified":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","modified_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:35:20","slug":"theweaknessofthe-abbassids-and-the-roman-conquests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/sv\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/theweaknessofthe-abbassids-and-the-roman-conquests\/","title":{"rendered":"Den abbasidiska statens svaghet och de romerska er\u00f6vringarna"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Roms guld\u00e5lder<br \/>843-1025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Den abbasidiska statens svaghet<\/strong>Turkarnas inflytande i Bagdad \u00f6kade och r\u00f6sterna fr\u00e5n slavflickorna och prinsarnas m\u00f6drar blev starkare. Alawierna gjorde uppror och kr\u00e4vde tronen, och araberna flydde fr\u00e5n abbasiderna. Taher Ibn Al-Hussein och hans eftertr\u00e4dare gjorde sig av med sj\u00e4larna till sin egen f\u00f6rdel i Khorasan. Hassan bin Zayed ockuperade Daylam i Tabaristan och Gorgan. Saffariderna besegrades i Sijistan och p\u00e5 andra h\u00e5ll och ville attackera Bagdad (874). Afaq kunde bli Basras herre och ut\u00f6ka sin auktoritet till Bagdads portar. Ahmad ibn Tulun al-Turki plundrade Egypten och Levanten och b\u00f6rjade samla in skatter f\u00f6r sig sj\u00e4lv (877). Bagdad n\u00f6jde sig med att hetsa n\u00e5gra av Levantens furstar mot sig. D\u00e5 erk\u00e4nde Damaskus auktoriteten hos Khumarwiyya ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun, s\u00e5 han eliminerade de fientliga partierna (889) och gjorde Damaskus till en bas f\u00f6r sitt kungarike.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Er\u00f6vringar av Basil I:<\/span><\/strong> Basil I utnyttjade denna omst\u00e4ndighet till sin och romarnas f\u00f6rdel, s\u00e5 han stred l\u00e4ngs den islamiska fronten fr\u00e5n Kilikiens kust till Armenien och Trabzon. Han lyckades driva tillbaka muslimerna i p\u00e5 varandra f\u00f6ljande krig mellan \u00e5r 871 och \u00e5r 882. Han ockuperade de viktigaste passerarna genom Oxen, bek\u00e4mpade pauleserna och invaderade deras huvudstad Tafriqiya \u00e5r 882. Chrysocheros slaktade dess \u00e4gare och visade upp hans huvud i segerparaden i Konstantinopel. \u00c5ret d\u00e4rp\u00e5 ockuperade han Zapatra och Smisat. \u00c5r 877 hade han er\u00f6vrat Lulu och allt som h\u00e4nde mellan Caesarea och Marash, och han hade blivit herre \u00f6ver Taurusbergen med deras utbredningsomr\u00e5den och pass. Han var n\u00f6jd med att den godk\u00e4nde kalifen \u00e5r 885 erk\u00e4nde den oberoende staten Armenien under ledning av Ashot. Han k\u00e4nde i sin tur snabbt igen den nya kungen och betonade att Armenien skulle f\u00f6rbli imperiets k\u00e4raste allierade.<\/p>\n<p>Basilius ins\u00e5g allvaret i situationen i Medelhavet. Muslimerna hade bosatt sig p\u00e5 Sicilien och s\u00f6dra Italien. Det hade blivit tydligt att de langobardiska furstarna inte kunde st\u00e5 emot muslimerna och att v\u00e4stkejsaren Ludvig II hade blivit svag. Tv\u00e5 delegationer hade kommit till Konstantinopel, en representerande Ludvig II och den andra representerande p\u00e5ven, f\u00f6r att uppmana filosoferna att bevara kristendomen. Basil reste sig \u00e5r 868 och implementerade en kraftfull flotta ledd av Nicotas. Denna ledare var f\u00f6rutbest\u00e4md att lyckas, och han \u00e5terst\u00e4llde ordning och s\u00e4kerhet till Adriatiska havet. De dalmatiska st\u00e4derna \u00e5terv\u00e4nde till Vselevs \u00e4go, och de serbiska och kroatiska ministaterna erk\u00e4nde Konstantinopels suver\u00e4nitet. Den syriska segern slog de muslimska slagskeppen med sm\u00e4rtsamma slag i vattnen i v\u00e4stra Italien och uppn\u00e5dde en stor seger n\u00e4ra Lipari\u00f6arna, intr\u00e4dde i skydd av romarna, och p\u00e5ven Johannes VIII ingick en allians med den. romare. \u00c5r 885 kom, och bef\u00e4lhavaren, Nikephoros Phocas, uppn\u00e5dde m\u00e5nga marksegrar d\u00e4r han kunde \u00e5terta de s\u00f6dra provinserna i Italien fr\u00e5n muslimernas h\u00e4nder. \u00c5r 886 etablerade han det Langobordiska temat och det kalabriska temat. och den ortodoxa kyrkan st\u00e4rkte sina stift i samma region.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Leo VI:<\/span><\/strong> (886-912) Leo VI &quot;den vise&quot; var inte en krigsman som sin far, s\u00e5 han stannade i palatset och fokuserade p\u00e5 fr\u00e5gor om fred, kunskap och religion. Vi kommer att \u00e5terkomma till dess inverkan p\u00e5 kyrkans system senare. Iqritesh hade blivit en fristad och tillflyktsort f\u00f6r muslimska pirater. \u00c5r 904 inledde Leo av Tripoli en dj\u00e4rv attack mot Konstantinopel. Sedan v\u00e4nde han sig sj\u00e4lv till Thessalonika. Det var avsett f\u00f6r honom att vara tom p\u00e5 garnisonen, s\u00e5 han gick in i den med v\u00e5ld, d\u00f6dade och plundrade, och tog sedan till f\u00e5nga tjugotv\u00e5 tusen unga m\u00e4n och kvinnor och s\u00e5lde dem p\u00e5 slavmarknaderna i diket i Qaritesh och i Tripoli. Himarius reste sig \u00e5r 906 och besegrade muslimerna med en stor seger. Han blev modig och st\u00e4rkt, och \u00e5r 910 ledde han ett sj\u00f6f\u00e4ltt\u00e5g mot sj\u00e4lva Kreta, men han misslyckades stort. \u00c5r 901 tog muslimerna kontroll \u00f6ver Messinasundet. \u00c5ret d\u00e4rp\u00e5 intog de Sicilien och emiren av Kairouan meddelade att han skulle \u201df\u00f6rst\u00f6ra sj\u00e4lva staden Sheikh Boutros\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Konstantin VII och Romanos I:<\/span><\/strong> (912-959) Leo VI dog \u00e5r 912. Han hade gjort staten till tre kejsare: han sj\u00e4lv, sin bror Alexandros och Konstantin VII den lila. Konstantin var fortfarande sex \u00e5r gammal, s\u00e5 hans farbror Alexandros tog \u00f6ver f\u00f6rmyndarskapet. Sedan dog han \u00e5r 913 efter att ha uppr\u00e4ttat ett regentr\u00e5d under ledning av patriarken. \u00c5r 919 ockuperade bef\u00e4lhavaren Romanos Lekapenos hovet, tog den unge filosofen i besittning, gifte honom med hans dotter och f\u00f6rklarade sig vara kungens far, sedan Caesar, sedan filosof.<\/p>\n<p>De abbasidiska kaliferna var fortfarande besegrade p\u00e5 grund av soldaternas bristande lydnad, tj\u00e4narnas starka inflytande, furstarnas m\u00f6drars intrig, snickeri och konspirationer, soldaternas upplopp mot bef\u00e4lhavarna och konflikten mellan dessa \u00f6verherrar. Det var n\u00e4r guvern\u00f6rerna k\u00e4nde kalifernas svaghet som de \u00e4gnade sig \u00e5t att samla in pengar, s\u00e5 kaliferna m\u00f6rdade guvern\u00f6rerna medvetet, vilket gjorde att olydnaden \u00f6kade och f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandena blev instabila.<\/p>\n<p>F\u00f6re slutet av det bulgariska kriget f\u00f6rst\u00f6rde romarna byggnaden av Leo av Tripoli i Lemnos vatten (924), och Leo sj\u00e4lv \u00f6verlevde mirakul\u00f6st! S\u00e5 snart det bulgariska kriget slutade \u00e5r 927 tog romarna initiativet till att attackera, och deras ledare, Gargun, hoppade in i kampen i Mindre Asien. Han uppn\u00e5dde successiva segrar och kunde g\u00f6ra Tigris och Eufrat till gr\u00e4nsen mellan romarna och araberna ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r Hales. Gargun fick hj\u00e4lp i detta krig av ett antal h\u00f6gre officerare som senare var avsedda att vinna, precis som Gargun sj\u00e4lv vann. De mest k\u00e4nda av dessa \u00e4r Theophilus, son till Gurgon, Bardas Phocas, och hans tv\u00e5 s\u00f6ner, Nikephoros och Leo. \u00c5r 928 ockuperade romarna Ardrun och drev ut muslimerna fr\u00e5n Armenien. \u00c5r 934 er\u00f6vrade de Malatya, d\u00e5 st\u00e4llde sig Sayf al-Dawla, h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver Mosul, p\u00e5 deras sida och kunde stoppa deras framryckning. Men de \u00e5terv\u00e4nde till attacken mellan \u00e5ren 941 och 942 och ockuperade Dar, Nusaybin, Mayyafariqin och n\u00e4rmade sig Aleppo. \u00c5r 944 kr\u00f6nte Gargun sina segrar genom att i en lyxig procession transportera &quot;Sayyids n\u00e4sduk&quot;, som Abgar, kung av Edessa, hade h\u00e5llit fr\u00e5n denna stad till Konstantinopel.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a843-1025 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 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