{"id":764,"date":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","date_gmt":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/orthodox-churches-history\/patriarchat-russia\/"},"modified":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","modified_gmt":"2009-02-28T03:08:46","slug":"patriarchat-russia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/sv\/church-history\/orthodox-churches-history\/patriarchat-russia\/","title":{"rendered":"Rysslands patriarkat"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-762\" src=\"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2009\/02\/Russian_logo.gif\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" height=\"107\" width=\"115\" \/>P\u00e5 beg\u00e4ran och inbjudan av tsar Vladimir och hans hustru Olga s\u00e4ndes pr\u00e4ster fr\u00e5n Konstantinopel p\u00e5 stranden av floden Dnepr i staden Kiev, Ukraina. De d\u00f6pte tillsammans tusentals ryska m\u00e4nniskor, varav den f\u00f6rsta var tsaren. <\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>S\u00e5lunda etablerades kyrkan i Ryssland, som till en b\u00f6rjan var en storstad ansluten till patriarkatet i Konstantinopel fram till \u00e5r 1589, som senare steg till patriarkatet, och upptar femte platsen bland de ortodoxa patriarkaten efter patriarkatet i Jerusalem, och patriarken tog titeln patriark av Moskva och hela Ryssland. \u00c5r 1700, efter patriarkens tionde Rysslands d\u00f6d: Tsar Peter modifierade det kyrkliga administrativa systemet i Ryssland fr\u00e5n ett patriarkat till en synod, vilket betyder kyrkliga angel\u00e4genheter, som sk\u00f6ttes. av ett biskopsr\u00e5d (synod), utan patriark. Den 18 november 1917 \u00e5terst\u00e4llde f\u00f6rsamlingen av biskopar och representanter f\u00f6r pr\u00e4sterskapet och folket kyrkosystemet till ett patriarkat, med sitt huvudkontor i Moskva, genom att v\u00e4lja patriark Tikhon, som blev ett helgon och patroniserade kyrkan fram till \u00e5r 1925, efter som han blev f\u00e4ngslad och martyrd\u00f6dad. Han eftertr\u00e4ddes sedan av patriark Sergius fr\u00e5n 8 september 1943 till 15 maj 1944, efter honom kom patriark Alexios I (1945-1970), efter honom patriark Pimen (1971-1989), och han eftertr\u00e4ddes av patriark Alexios II fr\u00e5n 7 juni 1990 till idag.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Det ryska patriarkatet omfattar idag 150 biskopar och 242 kloster. Antalet f\u00f6rsamlingsmedlemmar i den ryska kyrkan \u00e4r f\u00f6r n\u00e4rvarande cirka 255 miljoner i v\u00e4rlden och 125 miljoner i Ryssland, enligt Wikipedias engelska avsnitt.<\/p>\n<p>Det finns en mycket omfattande studie utf\u00f6rd av His Eminence Bishop Callistos (Timothy) Ware om situationen f\u00f6r den ryska kyrkan under den kommunistiska perioden. Du kan recensera boken &quot;Den ortodoxa kyrkan i f\u00f6rr och nu&quot; fr\u00e5n sidorna (206-212). Ang\u00e5ende situationen f\u00f6r den ryska kyrkan under mongolerna, se sidorna (112-117). <br \/>Bland de kyrkor som \u00e4r halvoberoende fr\u00e5n den rysk-ortodoxa kyrkan: Japanska kyrkan<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Ortodoxa kyrkan i Ukraina:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>Kievperioden: Photius, \u00e5 sin sida, f\u00f6rblev inte sysslol\u00f6s mot kristnandet av slaverna i Ryssland. Omkring 864 skickade han en biskop till Kiev, den viktigaste ryska staden p\u00e5 den tiden, men den f\u00f6rsta kristna gruppen f\u00f6rst\u00f6rdes \u00e5r 878 i h\u00e4nderna p\u00e5 Oleg, som tog makten i Kiev. Ryssland fortsatte dock att vara utsatt f\u00f6r starkt kristet inflytande, fr\u00e5n Bysans, Bulgarien och Skandinavien, och det \u00e4r s\u00e4kert att det hade funnits en kyrka i Kiev sedan \u00e5r 945. Prinsessan Olga konverterade till kristendomen \u00e5r 955, men hennes son Svyatoslav v\u00e4grade att imitera henne, av r\u00e4dsla f\u00f6r att bli utsatt f\u00f6r hovm\u00e4nnens f\u00f6rl\u00f6jligande om han fick dop. Omkring \u00e5r 988 konverterade Vladimir (regerade 980-1015), Olgas barnbarn, till kristendomen och gifte sig med Anna, syster till en bysantinsk kejsare. Ortodoxin blev sedan statsreligion i Ryssland, och f\u00f6rblev i denna stat fram till \u00e5r 1917. Vladimir arbetade h\u00e5rt f\u00f6r att kristna sitt rike och tog med sig pr\u00e4ster, reliker, heliga k\u00e4rl och ikoner fr\u00e5n utlandet. M\u00e4nniskor fick dop i grupper i floder. Pr\u00e4sterliga domstolar inr\u00e4ttades och principen om tionde till f\u00f6rm\u00e5n f\u00f6r kyrkan fastst\u00e4lldes. Den stora idolen som representerade guden Perun, med sitt silverhuvud och gyllene morrh\u00e5r, rullades ner till botten av kullen varifr\u00e5n den s\u00e5g \u00f6ver Kiev. \u201dOch \u00e4nglarnas trumpeter och evangeliets ekon b\u00f6rjade ljuda h\u00f6gre i alla st\u00e4der. Luften blev helgad genom att r\u00f6kelse steg upp mot Gud. Kloster reste sig p\u00e5 berget. Och allt folket, m\u00e4n och kvinnor, unga och gamla, fyllde de heliga f\u00f6rsamlingarna.\u201d S\u00e5 h\u00e4r beskrev Metropolitan Hilarion h\u00e4ndelsen sextio \u00e5r senare.<\/p>\n<p>Grundaren av kyrkan i Ukraina, enligt vissa studier, \u00e4r aposteln Andrew. \u00c5r 1990 fick Ukraina delvis sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndighet, men den \u00e4r fortfarande ansluten till Ryssland. Hans sekul\u00e4ra namn \u00e4r Victor Sabudan. Han f\u00f6ddes i Ukraina 1935 e.Kr. i en bondefamilj. Han studerade teologi i Odessa, studerade sedan i St. Petersburg i Ryssland och tog examen fr\u00e5n akademin. 1962 blev Hans Helighet munk och tog namnet &quot;Vladimir&quot;. 1965 avslutade han forskarstudier vid det teologiska institutet i Moskva, och efter examen utn\u00e4mndes han till dekanus f\u00f6r det teologiska institutet i Odessa och befordrades till rang av arkimandrit.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Ortodoxa kyrkan i Korea:<br \/><\/strong><\/span>Den ryska beskickningen till Korea grundades 1898 och f\u00f6rblev begr\u00e4nsad till en sn\u00e4v omfattning. Den f\u00f6rsta koreansk-ortodoxa pr\u00e4sten vigdes \u00e5r 1912. \u00c5r 1934 fanns det 820 ortodoxa i Korea, men deras antal minskade senare (kommunistperioden), men det \u00e4r s\u00e4kert att antalet \u00f6kar.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-763\" src=\"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2009\/02\/ChineseMartyrs.jpg\" alt=\"kinesiska martyrer\" style=\"float: left;\" title=\"kinesiska martyrer\" height=\"150\" width=\"137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2009\/02\/ChineseMartyrs.jpg 286w, https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2009\/02\/ChineseMartyrs-274x300.jpg 274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 137px) 100vw, 137px\" \/><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Ortodoxa kyrkan i Kina:<br \/><\/strong><\/span>Den kinesiska missionen grundades 1715 i Peking, men den g\u00e5r faktiskt tillbaka till \u00e5r 1686, d\u00e5 en grupp kosacker gick med i det kinesiska kejserliga gardet och deras pr\u00e4st var med dem. Det organiserade missionsarbetet b\u00f6rjade dock inte f\u00f6rr\u00e4n i slutet av artonhundratalet. \u00c5r 1900 e.Kr. d\u00f6dades en stor grupp ortodoxa. \u00c5r 1914 fanns det inte mer \u00e4n 5 000 nya konvertiter, trots n\u00e4rvaron av ett antal kinesiska pr\u00e4ster och ett seminarium. (Ortodoxa mission\u00e4rers politik har alltid varit beroende av att g\u00f6ra pr\u00e4ster fr\u00e5n folket i landet s\u00e5 snart tillf\u00e4lle ges.) Efter 1917 \u00e5rs revolution minskade inte missionsverksamheten utan \u00f6kade snarare tack vare ett stort antal ryska invandrare, inklusive pr\u00e4ster som flydde \u00f6sterut fr\u00e5n Sibirien. \u00c5r 1939 fanns det 200 000 ortodoxa i Kina och Manchuriet, sponsrade av fem biskopar som hade ett ortodoxt universitet i Harbin.<\/p>\n<p>Situationen har helt f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrats sedan \u00e5r 1945, d\u00e5 den kinesiska kommunistregeringen beordrade alla icke-kinesiska mission\u00e4rer att l\u00e4mna landet, och inte utesl\u00f6t ryssarna fr\u00e5n denna \u00e5tg\u00e4rd. Hela det ryska pr\u00e4sterskapet och de flesta av de troende \u00e5terf\u00f6rdes till Sovjetunionen, f\u00f6rutom de som flydde till Amerika. P\u00e5 1950-talet hade Kina minst en biskop och 20 000 troende. Idag erk\u00e4nner inte den kinesiska regeringen de ortodoxa. Detta \u00e4r det st\u00f6rsta hindret f\u00f6r att inte sprida ortodoxi i Kina. Ett antal kinesiska medborgare studerar f\u00f6r n\u00e4rvarande i ortodoxa skolor i Ryssland, med avsikten att \u00e5terv\u00e4nda till Kina.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b 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