{"id":701,"date":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","date_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/saif-addula-al-hamadani\/"},"modified":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","modified_gmt":"2009-02-26T16:29:49","slug":"saif-addula-al-hamadani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.orthodoxonline.org\/theology\/tr\/church-history\/church-history-to-twelfth-century\/saif-addula-al-hamadani\/","title":{"rendered":"Seyfeddevle el-Hamdani"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"center\"><strong>Romun alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<br \/>843-1025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hamdani devleti:<\/span><\/strong> (942-1003) Mu&#039;tadid (892-902) ve Muktafi (902-908) d\u00f6nemlerinde Abbasi devletinin yap\u0131s\u0131nda yeni bir aksama ya\u015fanmad\u0131. Ancak El-Muktedir (908-932) d\u00f6neminde devlet eski da\u011f\u0131lma durumuna geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve ard\u0131ndan El-Kahir (932-934), El-Radi (934-940), El-Muttaki (940-940) geldi. 944) ve el-Mustekfi (944-946) son hallerini kaybetmi\u015fler ve b\u00f6ylece halifenin d\u00fcnyevi otoritesi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p>Bu da\u011f\u0131lma s\u0131ras\u0131nda krall\u0131k ve otorite pe\u015finde ko\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 Arap Bedevi kabileleri de vard\u0131. Bunlardan belki de en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc Banu Taghlib&#039;dir. 905 y\u0131l\u0131nda El-Muktafi&#039;nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fckleri \u015eehzade Abdullah bin Hamdan, Musul ve \u00e7evresinde hakimiyeti tekeline almay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. 942 y\u0131l\u0131nda o\u011flu Hasan ve Ali, I. Nas\u0131reddevle ve Seyfeddevle II unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 almay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Seyfeddevle 937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cezire&#039;ye girdi. 944 y\u0131l\u0131nda Halep&#039;e girdi ve orada 1003 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek bir devlet kurdu. Nas\u0131reddevle Musul&#039;da kalarak Ba\u011fdat&#039;taki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Devle ayakland\u0131 ve Romal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde H\u00fcsam&#039;a - Seyf\u00fclislam&#039;a - sald\u0131rd\u0131. 967 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat edene kadar bunu yapmaya devam etti.<\/p>\n<p>Sayf al-Dawla, Halep&#039;e yerle\u015fip buray\u0131 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti ve askeri operasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00fcs haline getirdi\u011finde, Romal\u0131larla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131ndaki as\u0131l \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, Ermeni cephesinden Kilikya&#039;dan Diyarbak\u0131r&#039;a kadar uzanan yeni bir hatta kayd\u0131. Bu sava\u015flarda inisiyatif Romal\u0131lara ge\u00e7ti. Uzmanlar, 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Romal\u0131lar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferin yaln\u0131zca Abbasilerin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan de\u011fil, Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki yenilenme, uyan\u0131kl\u0131k ve hareketlilikten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve aralar\u0131nda fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 olsa bile \u0131rk olarak ortodokslukta ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaferlerle \u00f6v\u00fcnmede birle\u015fmi\u015flerdi. Siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik sistemlerini yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmenin ve arzu edilen fayday\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in orduyu m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirmenin ve tamamlaman\u0131n gereklili\u011fini hissettiler. Bu insanlara g\u00f6re, onuncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Romal\u0131lar dikkatsiz ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f de\u011fil, uyan\u0131k ve aktifti.<\/p>\n<p>Hamdaniler, Banu Habib de dahil olmak \u00fczere yar\u0131madan\u0131n kabilelerine vergi y\u00fckledi. Banu Habib de galip geldi, bu y\u00fczden durum onlar i\u00e7in zordu, bu y\u00fczden yakaland\u0131lar ve sonra sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Nas\u0131reddevle 935 y\u0131l\u0131nda onlara sald\u0131rarak onlar\u0131 zaptetti. Ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 umuyorlard\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine on bin \u015f\u00f6valye, kad\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ve k\u00f6leleriyle birlikte ayaklan\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Romal\u0131lara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131 ve atalar\u0131n\u0131n dini olan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Adan\u0131n di\u011fer kabileleri de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Seyf\u00fcddevle zorla girdi\u011fi Ziyad Kalesi \u00f6n\u00fcnde Romal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ilk zaferini kaydetti. Daha sonra sava\u015fmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve Romal\u0131lar onu Ziyad Kalesi ile Salam Kalesi aras\u0131nda yakalad\u0131lar, b\u00f6ylece \u00e7ember g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Romal\u0131lara do\u011fru d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Ebu Firas zafer \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. 939 y\u0131l\u0131nda Romal\u0131lar, Ortodoks olmalar\u0131na ve Filozoflar\u0131n dinini kabul etmelerine ra\u011fmen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Karaj&#039;\u0131 (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan) terbiye etmek i\u00e7in Kafkasya&#039;ya bir sefer d\u00fczenlediler. Karaj Hamdanilerden yard\u0131m istedi. Seyfeddevle, Roma topraklar\u0131nda y\u00fckselmi\u015f ve Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck cihad\u0131n lideri ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 940-944 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Seyf\u00fc&#039;d-Devle, merkezi en y\u00fcksek otorite olan Halifeli\u011fin ba\u015fkentinde me\u015fgul oldu. 940 y\u0131l\u0131 sonbahar\u0131nda Romal\u0131lara Kilikya&#039;ya sald\u0131rarak Kafr Tuta b\u00f6lgesine ula\u015ft\u0131lar. . Daha sonra Avrupa&#039;da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p geri \u00e7ekildiler. 942 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda geri d\u00f6nerek Kilikya ovalar\u0131ndan Suriye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Daha sonra ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n sonbahar\u0131nda Garghun, daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, Diyarbak\u0131r iline sald\u0131rarak Mayyafariqin&#039;i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Sorun neydi, mendildi. 944 y\u0131l\u0131nda Seyfeddevle, Halep ve Humus&#039;a girerek onlar\u0131 \u0130h\u015fidilerin elinden ele ge\u00e7irdi. Romal\u0131lar, Antakya giri\u015flerine kadar Mara\u015f b\u00f6lgesi ve Garas b\u00f6lgesinde yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Seyfeddevle, Arabsus b\u00f6lgesine bask\u0131n d\u00fczenleyerek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi.<\/p>\n<p>946 y\u0131l\u0131 geldi ve Selefakiye zaman\u0131nda iki muhalif esir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde bulundu. 948 y\u0131l\u0131 bahar\u0131nda Romal\u0131lar Malatya ve Semisat&#039;tan ayr\u0131larak Hadath-Mara\u015f koridorunu ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in adaya do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Seyfeddevle, Ebu Firas&#039;\u0131n bir \u015fiirinde bahsi ge\u00e7en Celbat Sava\u015f\u0131&#039;na direndi. Ertesi 949 bahar\u0131nda, Phokas&#039;\u0131n o\u011flu Leo, olay\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve onu ku\u015fatt\u0131. Zorla i\u00e7eri girdi ve kalelerini yok etti. Romal\u0131lar da Mara\u015f&#039;\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek Tarsus surlar\u0131nda sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Girit adas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler ama i\u015fe yaramad\u0131. 950 y\u0131l\u0131 bahar\u0131nda Seyf\u00fcddevle, i\u015flerini denetlemek i\u00e7in Cezire&#039;ye gitti. Leo ibn Phocas, Antakya giri\u015flerine kadar kuzey Suriye&#039;ye sald\u0131rd\u0131 ve el-Amq ovas\u0131nda Buqa&#039;y\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131. onunla sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131 ama sefil bir \u015fekilde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Sumru ve felaket:<\/span><\/strong> (950) Seyfeddevle sava\u015fa haz\u0131rlanmak \u00fczere Halep&#039;e d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Otuz bin ki\u015fiyi toplay\u0131p &quot;Mutenabbi, Ebu Firas ve Ebu Z\u00fcheyr el-Mhalhal&quot; \u015fairlerinden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc yan\u0131na alarak Mara\u015f ve Malatya&#039;ya y\u00fckseldi. Sar\u0131ka&#039;y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti, \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc, esir ald\u0131 ve yakt\u0131. Halep&#039;e d\u00f6nmek istiyordu. Daha sonra Phokas o\u011flu Leo&#039;nun Charsianon civar\u0131nda topland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenince ona geri d\u00f6nerek ona b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verdirdi. Daha sonra g\u00fcneye do\u011fru y\u00f6neldi ve Romal\u0131lar, El-Bastan ile El-Hadas aras\u0131ndaki El-Cevzat yolunda ona kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Sayf al-Dawla&#039;n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc ge\u00e7ti ama Romal\u0131lar hi\u00e7bir iz b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Sonra Seyfeddevle geldi ve ge\u00e7idin kesilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc, bunun \u00fczerine Romal\u0131lar onun \u00fczerine ta\u015f, ta\u015f ve ok ya\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131lar. Daha sonra Romal\u0131lar onu ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez yakalay\u0131p bitkin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcnce adamlar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve o da Halep&#039;e do\u011fru ka\u00e7t\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu sava\u015fa Felaket Sava\u015f\u0131 ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">John Gemski:<\/span><\/strong> 958 y\u0131l\u0131nda Seyfeddevle&#039;nin direni\u015finde zay\u0131fl\u0131k i\u015faretleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. John Tzimisces (John Samashek) Romal\u0131lar\u0131n liderli\u011fini devrald\u0131. Yukar\u0131 Yar\u0131mada&#039;da art arda zaferler elde etti ve \u015fehirlerinin \u00e7o\u011funu i\u015fgal etti. Daha sonra Yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat&#039;taki Samisat&#039;\u0131 ku\u015fatarak Seyf\u00fcddevle ile birlikte bir dizi yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131. 960 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Romal\u0131lar, F\u0131rat&#039;\u0131n do\u011fusunda kalan her \u015feyi topraklar\u0131na katarak bu b\u00f6lgeleri adan\u0131n temas\u0131 haline getirdiler.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Karite\u015f&#039;in mesle\u011fi:<\/span><\/strong> (960-961) VII. Konstantin&#039;in Romanos ad\u0131nda bir o\u011flu vard\u0131 ve on yedi ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Theophano ad\u0131nda bir k\u0131zla evlendi. Theophano, kay\u0131nvalidesi ve kay\u0131npederinin k\u0131zlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015famaktan nefret ediyordu. Kocas\u0131 Romanos&#039;a babas\u0131 Konstantin&#039;i zehirlemesi talimat\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Bir doz i\u00e7ti ve Konstantin yaln\u0131zca bir y\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131. Romanos II, \u015fehvet ve e\u011flenceye odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bu y\u00fczden i\u015fleri y\u00f6netme konusunda kar\u0131s\u0131na ve Joseph Bringas ad\u0131nda bir adama g\u00fcveniyordu. Abrinkas, Araplar\u0131n zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n Qartish&#039;i Roma egemenli\u011fine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in uygun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bunun \u00fczerine Nikephoros Phokas b\u00fcy\u00fck bir filo ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu haz\u0131rlayarak 961 y\u0131l\u0131 bahar\u0131nda hende\u011fe h\u00fccum ederek zorla i\u00e7eri girdi ve ard\u0131ndan t\u00fcm aday\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Rum ve Ermeni topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 buraya transfer etti ve Aziz Evangelist Nikon Matanoita&#039;y\u0131 orada \u0130sa ad\u0131na vaaz vermesi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sakinlerine m\u00fcjde vermesi i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">El Kahl Ma\u011faras\u0131:<\/span><\/strong> (960) Seyfeddevle bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek istedi ve otuz bin ki\u015fiyi haz\u0131rlay\u0131p onlar\u0131 Harshna&#039;ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Leo Phocas, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunu kapatmak i\u00e7in Toros Tepeleri&#039;ne ko\u015ftu ve onu &quot;Kohl Ma\u011faras\u0131&quot; olan Andrasos Ge\u00e7idi&#039;nde pusuya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ve orada ma\u011flup etti. Leo&#039;nun ganimetleri artt\u0131, bu y\u00fczden \u00e7ok say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi ve Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nanlar\u0131n hepsini serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ayn Zarba ve Halep:<\/span><\/strong> (962) Nikephoros, Sayf al-Dawla&#039;n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen felaketten yararlanarak, Girit&#039;ten sonra \u0130slam&#039;\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck deniz kalesi ve Suriye&#039;ye en yak\u0131n yol olan Kilikya&#039;y\u0131 fethetmeye karar verdi. 962 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve yirmi iki g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde elli kasaba veya kaleyi ele ge\u00e7irdi. Lent&#039;in ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Kapadokya&#039;ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Sonbaharda da ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve Ain Zarba&#039;y\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Sayf al-Dawla, Amanos Ge\u00e7idi&#039;ndeki y\u00fczle\u015fmeye dayanamay\u0131nca Nikephoros&#039;un ordular\u0131, F\u0131rat Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Menbi\u00e7&#039;e kadar Suriye ovalar\u0131na ak\u0131n etti. Daha sonra Nikoforos, Halep&#039;i on bir g\u00fcn (20-31 Aral\u0131k 962) ku\u015fatt\u0131 ve surlar\u0131na sald\u0131rd\u0131, ancak kaleyi a\u015famad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck ganimetlerle Konstantinopolis&#039;e d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ba\u015fkente giderken II. Romanos&#039;un \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frendi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a843-1025 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646: (942-1003) \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0636\u062f (892-902) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"709,700,643,1861,708,696,968,906,702,1025,1473,805","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[981,1348,1365],"class_list":["post-701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-church-history-to-twelfth-century","tag-981","tag-1348","tag-1365"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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